Review of thymic hormones in cancer diagnosis and treatment

Bodey, B; Siegel, Stuart E.; Kaiser, Hans E.

doi:10.1016/s0192-0561(99)00084-3

Cited by 68 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…LOH in the proximal region of human chromosome 18q has been reported in human squamous cell, ovarian, and prostate cancers (23)(24)(25). Moreover, LOH of human chromosome 18q has been reported in astrocytomas specimens (26,27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GATA6 is an astrocytoma tumor suppressor gene identified by gene trapping of mouse glioma model

Kamnasaran

Qian

Hawkins

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Malignant astrocytomas are the most common and lethal adult primary brain tumor. Retroviral gene trapping of nontransformed neonatal astrocytes from a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP): V12 HaRas murine astrocytoma model led to isolation of the transcription factor Gata6. Loss of Gata6 resulted in enhanced proliferation and transformation of astrocytes. Human malignant astrocytoma cell lines, explant xenografts, and operative specimens demonstrated loss of GATA6 expression. Loss-of-function GATA6 mutations with loss of heterozygosity of the GATA6 locus were found in human malignant astrocytoma specimens but not in lower-grade astrocytomas or normal adult astrocytes. Knockdown of Gata6 expression in V12 Ha-Ras or p53؊/؊ astrocytes, but not in parental murine or human astrocytes, led to acceleration of tumorgenesis. Knockin GATA6 expression in human malignant astrocytoma cells reduced their tumorgenic growth with decreased VEGF expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate that GATA6, isolated from a murine astrocytoma model, is a novel tumor suppressor gene that is a direct target of mutations during malignant progression of murine and human astrocytomas. This work also demonstrates the utility of random mutagenesis strategies, such as gene trapping, on murine cancer models toward discovery of novel genetic alterations in corresponding human cancers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GATA6 is an astrocytoma tumor suppressor gene identified by gene trapping of mouse glioma model

Kamnasaran

Qian

Hawkins

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…TF5, thymosin alpha 1, and thymosin beta influence the lymphoid elements of the thymus (intrathymic effects including cyclic nucleotide level, migration inhibitory factor production, T-dependent antibody production, and cell surface maturation [15]). Thymosin alpha 1 is a synthetic, amino-acid terminal acetylated preparation, which has a pleiotropic action [16], enhancing T cell, dendritic cell, and antibody responses and inhibits steroid induced apoptosis in thymus.…”

Section: Thymosinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunoendocrine Thymus as a Pacemaker of Lifespan

Csaba¹

2016

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica

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The thymus develops from an endocrine area of the foregut, and retains the ancient potencies of this region. However, later it is populated by bone marrow originated lymphatic elements and forms a combined organ, which is a central part of the immune system as well as an influential element of the endocrine orchestra. Thymus produces self-hormones (thymulin, thymosin, thymopentin, and thymus humoral factor), which are participating in the regulation of immune cell transformation and selection, and also synthesizes hormones similar to that of the other endocrine glands such as melatonin, neuropeptides, and insulin, which are transported by the immune cells to the sites of requests (packed transport). Thymic (epithelial and immune) cells also have receptors for hormones which regulate them. This combined organ, which is continuously changing from birth to senescence seems to be a pacemaker of life. This function is basically regulated by the selection of self-responsive thymocytes as their complete destruction helps the development (up to puberty) and their gradual release in case of weakened control (after puberty) causes the erosion of cells and intercellular material, named aging. This means that during aging, self-destructive and non-protective immune activities are manifested under the guidance of the involuting thymus, causing the continuous irritation of cells and organs. Possibly the pineal body is the main regulator of the pacemaker, the neonatal removal of which results in atrophy of thymus and wasting disease and its later corrosion causes the insufficiency of thymus. The co-involution of pineal and thymus could determine the aging and the time of death without external intervention; however, external factors can negatively influence both of them.

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“…egression of human cancers without treatment (spontaneous regression, SR) is well documented for many types of cancer, but occurs infrequently (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). The most intriguing implication of SR is that there might be a rare, but extremely effective, mechanism engaged to eradicate cancer cells after the development of advanced malignancy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous regression of advanced cancer: Identification of a unique genetically determined, age-dependent trait in mice

Cui

Hicks

Alexander-Miller

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We have established and studied a colony of mice with a unique trait of host resistance to both ascites and solid cancers induced by transplantable cells. One dramatic manifestation of this trait is age-dependent spontaneous regression of advanced cancers. This powerful resistance segregates as a single-locus dominant trait, is independent of tumor burden, and is effective against cell lines from multiple types of cancer. During spontaneous regression or immediately after exposure, cancer cells provoke a massive infiltration of host leukocytes, which form aggregates and rosettes with tumor cells. The cytolytic destruction of cancer cells by innate leukocytes is rapid and specific without apparent damage to normal cells. The mice are healthy and cancer-free and have a normal life span. These observations suggest a previously unrecognized mechanism of immune surveillance, which may have potential for therapy or prevention of cancer.

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Review of thymic hormones in cancer diagnosis and treatment

Cited by 68 publications

References 64 publications

GATA6 is an astrocytoma tumor suppressor gene identified by gene trapping of mouse glioma model

GATA6 is an astrocytoma tumor suppressor gene identified by gene trapping of mouse glioma model

The Immunoendocrine Thymus as a Pacemaker of Lifespan

Spontaneous regression of advanced cancer: Identification of a unique genetically determined, age-dependent trait in mice

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