Review of thermophysical property methods applied to fueled and un-fueled molten salts

Magnusson, Jared M.; Memmott, Matthew; Munro, Troy

doi:10.1016/j.anucene.2020.107608

Cited by 50 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Multiple review articles exist for the thermophysical properties of molten salts. [21][22][23][24] This article, instead, lists selected thermophysical property values or correlations and focuses on the scaling comparison and distortion discussion. Thermophysical properties, such as density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity of molten salts, are heavily dependent on their molar compositions, and experiments have been performed to obtain these values at different composition, adding additional uncertainty to heat transfer calculations.…”

Section: Thermophysical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of surrogate fluids for molten salt coolants used in energy systems applications including concentrated solar and nuclear power plants

Cabral

Wiggins

Carasik

et al. 2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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Molten salts are of great interest in the energy industry as coolants and heat transfer fluids due to their superior heat transfer properties and high operating temperatures. Due to these high temperatures and the corrosive properties of many molten salts, it can be difficult to perform fluid flow and heat transfer experiments of molten salt components in laboratory settings. Instead, surrogate fluids that operate at lower temperatures and match relevant dimensionless parameters of molten salts are suggested for such experiments. In this work, we examine two well-known surrogate fluids, water and Dowtherm A, and introduce two heat transfer fluids, Freezium 60 and Zitrec S-25, as candidate molten salt surrogates. We compare these fluids to common fluoride-, chloride-, and nitrate-based molten salts by considering temperature ranges over which their Prandtl numbers match. A model example at matched Prandtl and Reynolds number is used to determine the effects of using such surrogates on friction factor, pressure drop, Nusselt number, and pumping and heating power in a theorized experiment, and potential distortions based on Prandtl number mismatches are discussed. This article describes a distortion calculation methodology and quantifies the largest Prandtl number distortions encountered for various molten salt and surrogate pairs using a linearly scaled technique. Distortions between the fluids are seen to be small, but uncertainties in salt thermophysical properties motivate further research to understand the magnitude of such distortions and their subsequent effects on experimental outcomes.

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Section: Thermophysical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of surrogate fluids for molten salt coolants used in energy systems applications including concentrated solar and nuclear power plants

Cabral

Wiggins

Carasik

et al. 2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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“…There are several fundamentally different approaches to measuring the viscosity of molten salts. They usually include capillary, ball drop, vibration, oscillatory and rotary methods, which are suitable for various temperature and viscosity ranges [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Nevertheless, special requirements are imposed on the structural materials of measuring devices and the measurement procedure for molten mixtures of fluoride salts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The viscosity of the molten (LiF-NaF-KF) eut (or FLiNaK) has been obtained by many researchers, since it is considered a promising medium for use as a coolant in molten salt reactors [10,21,22]. The measurements were carried out, as a rule, by the oscillatory or rotational method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Viscosity of the NaF-KF-NdF3 Molten System

Rudenko

Катаев

2022

Materials

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The dynamic viscosity (η) of the molten system (NaF-KF)eut-NdF3 containing NdF3 in an amount from 0 to 15 mol.% was studied by rotational viscometry using a high-temperature rheometer, FRS 1600. Viscosity measurements were carried out in the temperature range from liquidus to 1153 K. The measurement procedure was tested on the (LiF-NaF-KF)eut melt. The choice of the parameter shear rate was carried out according to the viscosity and flow curves. Viscosity does not depend on shear rate, and therefore the investigated melts behave like Newtonian fluids, in the range of 9–19 s−1. The experimentally obtained viscosity values for (NaF-KF)eut-NdF3 melts in a wide temperature range are described by an exponential equation. In the coordinates ln(η) = f(1/T), they are straight lines; however, their temperature coefficients are noticeably different, which indicates significant impacts of composition and temperature.

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“…Molten fluoride salts have properties that allow them to be used as salt solvents in a liquid salt reactor [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Temperature Passivation of the Surface of Candidate Materials for MSR by Adding Oxygen Ions to FLiNaK Salt

et al. 2022

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The problem of tailoring the structural materials for MSR is solved by continuously overcoming the shortcomings of widely used materials and finding new ones. The materials commonly used in engineering may not be applicable for MSR due to their high corrosivity. Experiments were carried out to determine the corrosion rate of stainless steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti with different concentrations of oxide ions (by adding lithium oxide to the melt in the concentration range from 0 to 0.8 wt.%) in a FLiNaK melt. The formation of a protective oxygen-containing layer with a thickness of 1 micron has been realized. The corrosion rate decreases by an order of magnitude at the concentration of oxygen anions in the melt, in the range from 0.2 to 0.4% by weight, which may indicate high-temperature passivation of the material due to modification of the composition of the fluoride melt and reduction in its corrosion activity. In addition, the corrosion type of stainless steel in fluoride melts changes from the intercrystalline and pitting that is usually harmful to reactor material structure to total corrosion when lithium oxide is added. This is due to the “healing” of individual corrosion defects formed on the surface of the studied material by oxygen-containing compounds.

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Review of thermophysical property methods applied to fueled and un-fueled molten salts

Cited by 50 publications

References 80 publications

Identification of surrogate fluids for molten salt coolants used in energy systems applications including concentrated solar and nuclear power plants

Identification of surrogate fluids for molten salt coolants used in energy systems applications including concentrated solar and nuclear power plants

Dynamic Viscosity of the NaF-KF-NdF3 Molten System

High-Temperature Passivation of the Surface of Candidate Materials for MSR by Adding Oxygen Ions to FLiNaK Salt

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