Review of the Results from the NUCLEON Space Experiment

Interpretation of the Spectral Inhomogeneity in the 10 TV Region in Terms of a Close Source

“…The power-law spectrum was chosen as the galactic background F = a 0 and γ, where the parameters a 0 and γ for each CR nucleus correspond to the slopes of the spectra, measured in the area 50 GV-3000 GV by experimental data of ATIC [12], NUCLEON [2], AMS-2 [13], CREAM [14] and TRACER [15]. The contribution of a close source is calculated by solving the diffusion equation in the flash source approximation (instantaneous in time and point in space).…”

“…The authors used single-particle data from direct CR experiments available at the time in the rigidity range from 100 GV to 100 TV: For protons and helium, the experiments are NUCLEON [2], AMS-02 [13], ATIC [12], CREAM [14], PAMELA [18], CALET [3] and DAMPE [19], for C and O-NUCLEON [2], AMS-02 [13], ATIC [12], CREAM [14].…”

“…The main contribution was made by even plentiful kernels. The background spectrum for abundant nuclei was taken from a set of experiments, NUCLEON [2], AMS-02 [13], ATIC [12], CREAM [14], PAMELA [18], and for those nuclei for which no experimental data were available, it was approximated by well-known neighboring. The intensities of protons, helium, oxygen, and carbon in the source were obtained as free parameters from the approximation of the corresponding experimental spectra, and the intensities of the other components in the source were chosen so that the relative abundance of the element in the source (the intensity normalized to the abundance of hydrogen) corresponds to the experimentally measured one in the galaxy for CR with energy above 100 GV.…”

“…Let us call this the small knee. The data of the direct space experiment NUCLEON [2] allow us to resolve the single-particle structure of the small knee for each abundant primary CR component and show that this bending occurs near the same magnetic rigidity 10 TV for each nucleus regardless of Z. The data of the element-wise spectrum allow us to consider this feature in more detail and build a mathematical model to describe this phenomenon.…”

“…The study of the energy and spatial distributions of GCRs makes it possible to clarify both the physics of sources of GCRs and the properties of the interstellar medium. Some cosmic ray physics experiments (CR) [2][3][4] find evidence of variations in the CR spectrum index in the area of magnetic rigidity of about 10 TV. Let us call this the small knee.…”