Review of the physiology of human thermal comfort while exercising in urban landscapes and implications for bioclimatic design

Vanos, Jennifer; Warland, J.; Gillespie, T. J.; Kenny, Natasha

doi:10.1007/s00484-010-0301-9

Cited by 168 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 91 publications

(273 reference statements)

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“…This would in turn reduce thermal discomfort from sensible heat fluxes as found in related shade studies (e.g., Antoniadis et al, 2015;Shashua-Bar et al, 2011). Further microclimate factors influencing heat stress and thermal discomfort-in addition to exchanges of solar radiation and sensible heat (via convection) discussed here-include evaporation and longwave emittance (Kenny, Warland, Brown, & Gillespie, 2009;Vanos, Warland, Kenny, & Gillespie, 2010), with metabolic activity increasing core and skin temperatures due to increased heat generation Yao, Lian, Liu, & Shen, 2007).…”

Section: Playground Design In Hot Climatesmentioning

confidence: 68%

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Vanos

Middel

McKercher

et al. 2016

Landscape and Urban Planning

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h i g h l i g h t s• A mismatch exists between remotely sensed and in situ urban surface temperatures (T s ).• The hottest T s in a Phoenix area neighborhood were found on playground surfaces.• Children are more vulnerable to the effects of heat stress and high T s than adults.• Shade of any type is found effective in reducing T s and improving thermal safety.• Data must be collected at the touch-scale for spatially accurate high T s mitigation. a r t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c tObjectives: To provide novel quantification and advanced measurements of surface temperatures (T s ) in playgrounds, employing multiple scales of data, and provide insight into hot-hazard mitigation techniques and designs for improved environmental and public health. Methods: We conduct an analysis of T s in two Metro-Phoenix playgrounds at three scales: neighborhood (1 km resolution), microscale (6.8 m resolution), and touch-scale (1 cm resolution). Data were derived from two sources: airborne remote sensing (neighborhood and microscale) and in situ (playground site) infrared T s (touch-scale). Metrics of surface-to-air temperature deltas ( T s-a ) and scale offsets (errors) are introduced. Results: Select in situ T s in direct sunlight are shown to approach or surpass values likely to result in burns to children at touch-scales much finer than T s resolved by airborne remote sensing. Scale offsets based on neighbourhood and microscale ground observations are 3.8 • C and 7.3 • C less than the T s-a at the 1 cm touch-scale, respectively, and 6.6 • C and 10.1 • C lower than touch-scale playground equipment T s , respectively. Hence, the coarser scales underestimate high T s within playgrounds. Both natural (tree) and artificial (shade sail) shade types are associated with significant reductions in T s . Conclusions: A scale mismatch exists based on differing methods of urban T s measurement. The sub-meter touch-scale is the spatial scale at which data must be collected and policies of urban landscape design and health must be executed in order to mitigate high T s in high-contact environments such as playgrounds. Shade implementation is the most promising mitigation technique to reduce child burns, increase park usability, and mitigate urban heating.

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Section: Playground Design In Hot Climatesmentioning

confidence: 68%

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Vanos

Middel

McKercher

et al. 2016

Landscape and Urban Planning

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“…Actually, people may undertake various activities indoors such as those who work on assembling lines or those who exercise in building. With the increase of activity, the body heat production and thermal regulation process involved would be different from low activities [7]. Also, the thermal environment that makes people feel satisfied could not be similar.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect on human metabolic rate of skin temperature in an office occupant

et al. 2016

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Abstract. The motivation of this study is to get a better understanding about the real thermal sensation of people in an office environment who undertakes moderate activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate occupant real thermal sensation at three tasks of activities and skin temperature to figure out its impact on thermal sensation in an office environment. All measurements were conducted in a climate chamber. In total, fifteen subjects were participated in three kinds of activities and skin temperatures, which is eleven locations were measured using thermocouple sensors. The results showed that the temperature is the one of the factors which affect metabolic rate. There is a strong linear relationship between these three tasks of activities and metabolic rate with the skin temperature. Furthermore, the results indicate that there was a greater increase thermal sensation when the metabolic rate 1.6. The conclusions of this study can provide some references to set a standard for air conditioning design and to set operating parameters of different functional architectures.

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“…Thermal comfort is influenced by numerous environmental factors, including temperature, radiation, humidity, and wind speed; and personal factors, such as clothing and activity level (Ng & Cheng, 2012;Nikolopoulou & Lykoudis, 2006;Vanos, Warland, Gillespie, & Kenny, 2010). In outdoor spaces, radiation is one of the most important variables affecting thermal comfort; perceived thermal comfort can vary several degrees in the shade and sun (Mayer & Höppe, 1987;Middel, Selover, Hagen, & Chhetri, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sky View Factors from Synthetic Fisheye Photos for Thermal Comfort Routing—A Case Study in Phoenix, Arizona

Middel

Lukasczyk

Maciejewski

2017

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The Sky View Factor (SVF) is a dimension-reduced representation of urban form and one of the major variables in radiation models that estimate outdoor thermal comfort. Common ways of retrieving SVFs in urban environments include capturing fisheye photographs or creating a digital 3D city or elevation model of the environment. Such techniques have previously been limited due to a lack of imagery or lack of full scale detailed models of urban areas. We developed a web based tool that automatically generates synthetic hemispherical fisheye views from Google Earth at arbitrary spatial resolution and calculates the corresponding SVFs through equiangular projection. SVF results were validated using Google Maps Street View and compared to results from other SVF calculation tools. We generated 5-meter resolution SVF maps for two neighborhoods in Phoenix, Arizona to illustrate fine-scale variations of intra-urban horizon limitations due to urban form and vegetation. To demonstrate the utility of our synthetic fisheye approach for heat stress applications, we automated a radiation model to generate outdoor thermal comfort maps for Arizona State University's Tempe campus for a hot summer day using synthetic fisheye photos and on-site meteorological data. Model output was tested against mobile transect measurements of the six-directional radiant flux density. Based on the thermal comfort maps, we implemented a pedestrian routing algorithm that is optimized for distance and thermal comfort preferences. Our synthetic fisheye approach can help planners assess urban design and tree planting strategies to maximize thermal comfort outcomes and can support heat hazard mitigation in urban areas.

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Review of the physiology of human thermal comfort while exercising in urban landscapes and implications for bioclimatic design

Cited by 168 publications

References 91 publications

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Effect on human metabolic rate of skin temperature in an office occupant

Sky View Factors from Synthetic Fisheye Photos for Thermal Comfort Routing—A Case Study in Phoenix, Arizona

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