Review of the Malware Categorization in the Era of Changing Cybethreats Landscape: Common Approaches, Challenges and Future Needs

Evolution and Impact of Ransomware: Patterns, Prevention, and Recommendations for Organizational Resilience

“…Despite the proliferation of scholarly research on ransomware focusing on technical aspects, including detection and prevention systems, a paucity of research examines the socio-technical dimensions or the experiences of victimized organizations, emphasizing the need for comprehensive preventative measures (Yuryna Connolly et al, 2020;Holt & Bossler, 2017;. While the frequency of ransomware attacks against enterprises is increasing, it remains challenging to measure accurately, with varying statistics globally, indicating the complex nature of cybercrime victimization and the evolving threat landscape (Alshaikh et al, 2020;Shalaginov et al, 2020;Ahmed, 2019). Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) often underestimate their vulnerability, with the entrepreneurial nature of SMEs contributing to risk-taking behavior, underscoring the importance of acknowledging equivalent risk levels and implementing robust cybersecurity measures (Bamrara, 2018;Smith, 2017;Kurpjuhn, 2015).…”

“…Businesses, especially those in the financial sector, emergency services such as law enforcement, fire departments, hospitals, and private sector organizations are prominent targets for ransomware attacks due to the valuable data they hold, the potential for significant consequences, and the vulnerabilities in their security systems, leading to potential financial losses, reputational damage, and customer loss (Maurya et al, 2018;Shalaginov et al, 2020;Kumar et al, 2016;Connolly et al, 2020).…”

“…The encryption success rate rose, and the extortion-only attack incidence dropped, indicative of an evolving and more challenging threat landscape (Sophos, 2021;Kumar et al, 2016;Shalaginov et al, 2020). The impact of ransomware extends beyond financial costs, for instance, significant disruptions to operations, loss of business/revenue, and expenditure for mitigation (Kumar et al, 2016;Shinde et al, 2016;Sen & Chourey, 2020).…”

“…Notably, cyber insurance plays a crucial role in mitigating financial risks, but the increasing difficulty in obtaining coverage prompts organizations to enhance their cyber defences to bolster their insurance position (Sen & Chourey, 2020). The global impact of ransomware is exemplified by significant incidents such as the 2019 RobinHood attack on Baltimore, the 2021 Colonial Pipeline ransomware outbreak, and the 2021 Health Service Executive attack in Ireland, underscoring the pervasive and damaging nature of these attacks across diverse sectors (Yilmaz et al, 2022;Shalaginov et al, 2020). In 2022, the Ministry of Finance of Costa Rica experienced a ransomware attack, causing economic disruptions, even though the government refused to negotiate, highlighting the ongoing challenges posed by these threats (Shalaginov et al, 2020).…”

A Novel Detection and Multi-Classification Approach for IoT-Malware Using Random Forest Voting of Fine-Tuning Convolutional Neural Networks

“…It includes 25 classes of five common malware types, namely Adware, Trojan, Virus, Worm, Backdoor, and one benign class. In the following, we provide a brief definition of each of these malware types [53]:…”