Review of the Effects of Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Chemical Additives on the Physical, Mechanical and Durability Properties of Hydraulic Concrete

Abstract

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and chemical additives (CA) are incorporated to modify the properties of concrete. In this paper, SCMs such as fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), silica fume (SF), rice husk ash (RHA), sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), and tire-derived fuel ash (TDFA) admixed concretes are reviewed. FA (25–30%), GGBS (50–55%), RHA (15–20%), and SBA (15%) are safely used to replace Portland cement. FA requires activation, while GGBS has undergone in situ activation, with other alkalis present in it. The reactive silica in RHA and SBA readily reacts with free Ca(OH)2 in cement matrix, which produces the secondary C-S-H gel and gives strength to the concrete. SF addition involves both physical contribution and chemical action in concrete. TDFA contains 25–30% SiO2 and 30–35% CaO, and is considered a suitable secondary pozzolanic material. In this review, special emphasis is given to the various chemical additives and their role in protecting rebar from corrosion. Specialized concrete for novel applications, namely self-curing, self-healing, superhydrophobic, electromagnetic (EM) wave shielding and self-temperature adjusting concretes, are also discussed.

Increasing the Corrosion Resistance and Durability of Geopolymer Concrete Structures of Agricultural Buildings Operating in Specific Conditions of Aggressive Environments of Livestock Buildings

“…It is conditionally possible to divide the studies conducted by other authors by grouping them into several groups of factors. For example, some authors [12,15,[18][19][20][23][24][25]34,36] were engaged in research aimed at improving the corrosion resistance of cement-based concrete, which are the most traditional type of concrete in current construction but are not environmentally friendly and cheap, leaving a high carbon footprint and not in line with the modern ESG agenda. Other authors [7][8][9][10][11]22,27,29,31,35] were engaged in developing compositions of geopolymer concrete aimed at improving the mechanical properties of such concrete: their strength and improvement of deformation properties.…”

“…Thus, we have conducted a study in which the physical and mathematical apparatus is phenomenologically specified and technological tools are used, which are based on existing knowledge and ideas about the operation of geopolymer concrete in aggressive environments. Based on the data obtained earlier by other authors [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][26][27][28][29][30][31], in terms of heavy concrete on a standard cement binder and geopolymer concrete with improved mechanical characteristics, we set a methodology, defining a range of certain assumptions and frameworks to improve and increase durability and corrosion resistance.…”

“…According to literature sources [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]28,30,31,46], Na 2 SiO 3 , NaOH, and KOH are used as the most common alkaline components to obtain geopolymers. The choice of alkaline activators data is explained by the highest reactivity of the aluminosilicate component with respect to the glass phase and athermicity during their production.…”

“…Increasing the durability of agricultural buildings and structures based on the use of materials from recycled materials requires solving significant scientific and applied problems related to substantiating the choice of materials, developing new technological methods and methods of application, and evaluating the effectiveness of their use in various operating conditions. Furthermore, with lower permeability and sorption, the material has more excellent resistance and, consequently, durability in aggressive media of various origins [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The paper considers the possibility of regulating concrete quality characteristics by determining the optimal ratio of the components of a modified binder based on fly ash, which makes it possible to increase the corrosion resistance and durability of building structures of agricultural buildings when working in specific conditions of aggressive environments of livestock buildings.…”

Durability Evaluation of Concrete in Cold and Arid Regions Based on Grey Relational Theory

“…With the massive use of concrete in hydraulic engineering, its service safety and durability have become a hot issue of the general concern in the engineering community [1][2][3]. Concrete structure projects in cold and arid regions are in special environments for an extended period of time, and their concrete structures are a ected by external environmental factors such as dry and wet cycles, compound salt erosion, and freeze-thaw damage.…”