Review of the Analytical Methods for and Clinical Impact of Additives and Flavors Used in Electronic Cigarettes

Bansal, Vasudha; Hashemi, Beshare; Raza, Nadeem; Kim, Ki‐Hyun; Raza, Waseem; Kumar, Pawan; Brown, Richard

doi:10.1007/s12403-019-00331-x

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Analytes were extracted from the sample matrix by solid phase micro‐extraction, which enables solventless extraction using a fused silica or stainless steel fibre coated with a thin film polymer. Headspace (gas phase) analysis using solid phase micro‐extraction removes a large fraction of the interference by the propylene glycol/glycerol matrix (> 90% of the sample by mass), and has previously been used for the analysis of volatile compounds, additives, and flavours in e‐liquids 13 . We used a divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fibre for all analyses (Supelco).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical analysis of fresh and aged Australian e‐cigarette liquids

Larcombe¹,

Allard

Pringle

et al. 2021

Medical Journal of Australia

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Objectives To assess the chemical composition of electronic cigarette liquids (e‐liquids) sold in Australia, in both their fresh and aged forms. Design, setting Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of commercial e‐liquids sold in Australia (online and physical stores). Main outcome measures Chemical composition of 65 Australian e‐liquids — excipients/solvents, flavouring chemicals, other known e‐liquid constituents (including nicotine), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons — before and after an accelerated ageing process that simulated the effects of vaping. Results The measured levels of propylene glycol and glycerol often diverged from those recorded on the e‐liquid label. All e‐liquids contained one or more potentially harmful chemicals, including benzaldehyde, menthol, trans‐cinnamaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Nicotine or nicotyrine were detected in a small proportion of e‐liquids at extremely low concentrations. Conclusions Australian e‐liquids contain a wide variety of chemicals for which information on inhalation toxicity is not available. Further analyses are required to assess the potential long term effects of e‐cigarette use on health.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical analysis of fresh and aged Australian e‐cigarette liquids

Larcombe¹,

Allard

Pringle

et al. 2021

Medical Journal of Australia

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“…Few quantitative methods are available to measure concentrations of popular flavor additives in e-cigarette liquids, mainly using GC-MS (Bansal et al, 2019). Several studies followed a developed method containing 90 chemicals (Tierney et al, 2016) which was later expanded to 178 (Behar et al, 2018;Omaiye et al, 2019a;Omaiye et al, 2019b;Hua et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Analytical Method for Quantifying Flavoring Chemicals of Potential Respiratory Health Risk Concerns in e-Cigarette Liquids

Page

Goniewicz

2021

Front. Chem.

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Numerous flavoring chemicals are added to e-cigarette liquids to create various flavors. Flavorings provide sensory experience to users and increase product appeal; however, concerns have been raised about their potential inhalation toxicity. Estimating potential health risk of inhaling these chemicals has been challenging since little is known about their actual concentrations in e-cigarette products. To date, a limited number of analytical methods exist to measure the concentrations of flavoring chemicals in e-cigarette products. We have developed an analytical method that accurately and precisely measures the concentrations of 20 flavoring chemicals of potential inhalation risk concerns: 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, acetoin, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, butanoic acid, dl-limonene, ethyl maltol, ethyl salicylate, ethyl vanillin, eucalyptol, eugenol, furaneol, isovanillin, l-menthol, maltol, methyl salicylate, pulegone, trans-cinnamaldehyde, triacetin, and vanillin. Calibration and QC solutions were prepared in 50:50 propylene glycol (PG):vegetable glycerin (VG) and 5% H2O and flavoring concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 10.00 mg/ml. Samples of commercial e-cigarette liquids, calibration and QC solutions were combined with 30 µL of an internal standard mix (benzene-d6, pyridine-d5, chlorobenzene-d5, naphthalene-d8 and acenaphthene-d10; 1 mg/ml each) and were diluted 100-fold into methanol. Analysis was performed on an Agilent 7890B/7250 GC/Q-TOF using a DB-624UI column (30 m x 0.25 mmID x 1.4 μm film thickness), with a total runtime of 13.5 min. Calibration curves were fit using a weighted quadratic model and correlations of determination (r2) values exceeded 0.990 for all chemicals. Bias and precision tests yielded values less than 20% and lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) ranged from 0.02 to 0.63 mg/ml. Over 200 commercially available products, purchased or collected from adult e-cigarette users and spanning a range of flavor categories, were evaluated with this method. Concentrations of pulegone, a suspected carcinogen, varied from below limit of quantitation (BLOQ) to 0.32 mg/ml, while acetoin and vanillin, known precursors to more cytotoxic byproducts, ranged from BLOQ to 1.52 mg/ml and from BLOQ to 16.22 mg/ml, respectively. This method features a wide dynamic working range and allows for a rapid routine analysis of flavoring additives in commercial e-cigarette liquids.

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“…It has recently been appreciated that EC fluids also contain organic acids, such as benzoic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid [12,28], which form salts with nicotine making it more palatable to novice users [29]. The aerosol inhaled during vaping is thus a complex mixture of these chemical groups plus reaction products that form during heating and are often known toxicants [30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pH/Nicotine, Refill Fluid, Cigarette Type, and Storage on Element/Metal Concentrations in Electronic Cigarette Fluids and Aerosols

Williams

Luo

McWhirter

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The concentrations of metals, acids, nicotine, and flavor chemicals were analyzed in four refill fluids before and after vaping in third-and-fourth-generation electronic cigarettes (ECs), and the effect of storing fluids in ECs on element/metal concentrations was determined. Metals and organic chemicals were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, HPLC, and GC/MS. Maleic, benzoic, propionic, and citric acid were the refill fluid (0.032 to 5.498 mg/mL). Nickel, zinc, tin, selenium, silicon, copper, and lead were often in refill fluids before and after heating and in aerosols. Third generation ECs and low pH fluids generally had the highest concentrations of metals in their fluids and aerosols. Thirty flavor chemicals were in at least one refill fluid. During storage, metal concentrations in EC fluids increased significantly by 28 days and increased exponentially over 387 days. After storage, EC fluids with the lowest pH often had the highest concentrations of nickel, zinc, lead, and tin. The acids and increase in metals after heating and storage are a health concern that could contribute to respiratory diseases. These data support the need for providing date-of-manufacture on packaging, regulating acids/metals in ECs, and better understanding of the effects of EC metals/acids on human health.

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Review of the Analytical Methods for and Clinical Impact of Additives and Flavors Used in Electronic Cigarettes

Cited by 10 publications

References 104 publications

Chemical analysis of fresh and aged Australian e‐cigarette liquids

Chemical analysis of fresh and aged Australian e‐cigarette liquids

New Analytical Method for Quantifying Flavoring Chemicals of Potential Respiratory Health Risk Concerns in e-Cigarette Liquids

Effects of pH/Nicotine, Refill Fluid, Cigarette Type, and Storage on Element/Metal Concentrations in Electronic Cigarette Fluids and Aerosols

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