Review of the advancements in aluminum and copper ultrasonic welding in electric vehicles and superconductor applications

Experimental Investigation and Characterization of Friction Stir Spot-Welded Dissimilar Aluminum Copper Metallic Lap Joints

“…At low values of TRS and DT, there are more friction coefficients and contact pressures due to lesser heat input which causes improper coalescence and incomplete bonding of metals . A large amount of heat production (due to high stirring action for a longer duration) at higher TRS and DT (2300 rpm and 24 s) resulted in the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds and void defects . The highest mean electrical conductivity values were recorded for TRS and DT set at 1900 rpm and 16 s because the continuity of metallic bonding and the weld region is free from internal metallic defects.…”

Impact of austenite nanograins induced by sliding friction on interfacial strength during ultrasonic welding

“…7 USW is widely adopted in joining soft metals, such as Al, [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Mg, [16][17][18] or Cu [19][20][21] alloys, and soft/hard metal combinations (e.g. steel/Al 22 ), by inducing localised severe plastic deformation (SPD), 23 recrystallisation [24][25][26] or intermetallic phase formation. 27 For harder metal bonding, existing studies have shown that the induction of SPD or phase transformation is effective for joining steel/Ni 28 or steel/Ti.…”

Factors affecting evolutions of contact area formation and bonding strength in pure Cu/Cu joints produced by ultrasonic spot welding

“…USW creates joints by applying clamping force and highfrequency oscillations in metals to generate bonding by sliding frictional heat and deformation in a short time at low temperature, and it is capable of joining dissimilar soft or hard metals [11]. With these features, USW is gradually being applied in the fields of electronic packaging, automotives and aviation [12][13][14].…”