Review of Sound Propagation in the Lower Atmosphere

An analysis of cues to auditory depth perception in free space.

“…It is known, that in addition to the effect described by Bekesy, high frequencies are differentially attenuated relative to lower frequencies by passage through air (Ingard, 1953;Nyborg & Mintzer, 1955). This loss, which is also in addition to the inverse first power loss, is known as the exponential loss.…”

“…The computed values of "a" have been corrected on the basis of results which show experimentally determined values of "a" to be higher than the theoretical values. The two sets of "a" are derived from two different sets of experimentally determined correction figures (Nyborg& Mintzer 1955). As can be seen from Equation 2, these values are highly dependent on the absolute humidity (or relative humidity and temperature).…”

Outdoor Warning Systems Guide

“…Analytical procedures are available for quantitative prediction of these effects on the basis of meteorological observations at the site [14,15].…”

“…The Guide figure shows, for example, that a warning device rated at 125 dB(C) at 100 ft should be mounted at least 52 ft above the ground to avoid all risks of hazardous exposure to bystanders I I [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] I.…”

Nonintrusive (Noninterfering) Ultrasonic Techniques to Measure Gas Mass Flow Rates

“…For general background and historical perspectives, interesting reviews of sound propagation in air are given by Allen et al (1950) and later by Nyborg and Mintzer (1955). Sonic anemometry was reviewed briefly by Foxx, 1968.…”