Abstract:Soot, which is produced in fuel-rich parts of flames as a result of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, is the No. 2 contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide. Developing soot measurement techniques is important to understand soot formation mechanism and control soot emission. The various soot measurement techniques, such as thermophoretic sampling particles diagnostics followed by electron microscopy analysis, thermocouple particle densitometry, light extinction, laser-induced incandescence, two-c… Show more
“…Because of space limitations, this review is restricted to a discussion of available in situ diagnostics. There are a number of recent reviews that cover complementary diagnostics and/or a subset of the topics covered here [93,[135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142]. This review provides an update to some of these previous reviews and a complement to others.…”
Soot is responsible for notoriously detrimental effects on human health, air quality, and global and regional climate. Controlling soot emissions to the atmosphere will require overcoming large gaps in the understanding of soot formation and physical and chemical evolution during combustion. These gaps in understanding are largely attributable to the complexity of the chemical and physical system combined with a paucity of diagnostic techniques available for probing soot non-invasively and under a wide range of combustion conditions. This review briefly summarizes the chemistry of soot formation and evolution during combustion and describes diagnostic tools that are available to make these measurements. Despite the availability and value of a host of ex situ particle diagnostic techniques, because of space limitations, this review is restricted to a discussion of in situ diagnostic methods. The review concludes with a brief discussion of needs for new diagnostic tools to probe soot chemistry.
“…Because of space limitations, this review is restricted to a discussion of available in situ diagnostics. There are a number of recent reviews that cover complementary diagnostics and/or a subset of the topics covered here [93,[135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142]. This review provides an update to some of these previous reviews and a complement to others.…”
Soot is responsible for notoriously detrimental effects on human health, air quality, and global and regional climate. Controlling soot emissions to the atmosphere will require overcoming large gaps in the understanding of soot formation and physical and chemical evolution during combustion. These gaps in understanding are largely attributable to the complexity of the chemical and physical system combined with a paucity of diagnostic techniques available for probing soot non-invasively and under a wide range of combustion conditions. This review briefly summarizes the chemistry of soot formation and evolution during combustion and describes diagnostic tools that are available to make these measurements. Despite the availability and value of a host of ex situ particle diagnostic techniques, because of space limitations, this review is restricted to a discussion of in situ diagnostic methods. The review concludes with a brief discussion of needs for new diagnostic tools to probe soot chemistry.
“…It has been recognized that several of the optical techniques used for e.g. soot diagnostics in small flames need to be further developed to be used in large scale combustion facilities [13,14]. Some optical techniques have been used, but they often require a priori knowledge of the flame to obtain a good estimation of the particle load, e.g.…”
“…For instance, due to axisymmetric design of rocket nozzle exit, exhaust gases beyond the nozzle exit react with the oxygen in the air and contribute to afterburning reactions with axisymmetric temperature in the rocket exhaust plume [1]. Furthermore, hydrocarbon-air flames with axisymmetric temperature distributions are typically used to analyze soot microstructure, charged characteristic, primary particle size, distributions of soot volume fraction in soot measurement [2,3]. Therefore, it is necessary to retrieve the one-dimensional axisymmetric temperature distribution of the flame, in order to monitor and analyze the flame characteristics of the combustion progress.…”
In this paper, a three-point Abel deconvolution algorithm was employed to reconstruct one-dimensional axisymmetric temperature distribution of the flame with limited tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) data. To suppress the background noise and improve the sensitivity of measurement, the wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) technique is adopted in TDLAS measurement at 7185.597 cm -1 and 7444.36 cm -1 . Split by a 2×8 fiber-coupler, the collimated laser in eight parallel channels penetrate the axisymmetric flame generated by a porous burner. Detected by eight photodiode detectors, limited measurement data of eight projections is obtained and used to retrieve the one-dimensional axisymmetric temperature distribution by using three-point Abel deconvolution. Simulation results validated the feasibility of this approach.
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