Review of solid and liquid biofuel demand and supply in Northwest Europe towards 2030 – A comparison of national and regional projections

Dafnomilis, Ioannis; Hoefnagels, Ric; Pratama, Yudistira W.; Schott, Dingena L.; Lodewijks, Gabriël; Junginger, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.108

Cited by 59 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Export of biodiesel from many non‐European countries to the EU is relatively small (Figure ) due to EU anti‐dumping policy . Extra‐EU imports of biodiesel decreased from about 2.8 Mt (2012) to about 0.8 Mt (2014) . Nevertheless, in 2015, the main importers of biodiesel from Malaysia were Spain, Switzerland, and the Netherlands with 65%, 19%, and 11% of total exports from Malaysia respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global biomass trade for energy— Part 2: Production and trade streams of wood pellets, liquid biofuels, charcoal, industrial roundwood and emerging energy biomass

Proskurina

Junginger²,

Heinimö

et al. 2018

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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Many countries have limited low‐cost biomass resources to satisfy their own demand for bioenergy; consequently, international trade in biomass in various liquid and solid forms is increasing. The aim of this study is to present a quantitative overview of the development of international biomass trade for energy purposes. This paper focuses on the main biomass producing and consuming countries, as well as exporters and importers of liquid and solid biofuels, such as wood pellets, biodiesel, and bio‐ethanol, and biomass products, for example industrial roundwood. The study discusses changes in trends that have occurred over the past decade, and investigates emerging energy biomass trade streams. Due to increased demand for wood pellets from the heating and industrial sectors, global wood pellet markets and international trade have increased significantly in the past decade. The United States and Brazil remain leaders in bio‐ethanol production with about 45 Mt and 24 Mt respectively. In recent years, Asian markets such as China (industrial roundwood), South Korea (wood pellets), Malaysia, and Indonesia (palm oil) have developed considerably. In the EU‐28, more than 60% of total palm oil consumption is used for energy purposes. The EU is the global leader in biomass for energy utilization and also the main importer of most biomass products, particularly wood pellets. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…44 Extra-EU imports of biodiesel decreased from about 2.8 Mt (2012) to about 0.8 Mt (2014). 45 Nevertheless, in 2015, the main importers of biodiesel from Malaysia were Spain, Switzerland, and the Netherlands with 65%, 19%, and 11% of total exports from Malaysia respectively. Spain and the Netherlands Figure 7.…”

Section: Wood Pelletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global biomass trade for energy— Part 2: Production and trade streams of wood pellets, liquid biofuels, charcoal, industrial roundwood and emerging energy biomass

Proskurina

Junginger²,

Heinimö

et al. 2018

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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“…The UK was not in favour of the ambitious target set by the EU, and hence argued that market forces should instead promote renewable energy. According to the National Grid, the UK is likely to miss its 2009 agreed EU RED target of 15% [59,60]. Therefore, an exit from EU would allow the UK to miss its 15% target without facing any sanctions.…”

Section: Impacts Of Brexit On Uk Renewable Energy and Climate Change mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brexit and Article 50 of the Treaty of the European Union: Implications for UK Energy Policy and Security

Ifelebuegu

Aidelojie²,

Acquah-Andoh

2017

Energies

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This paper articulates the potential implications of Brexit on energy policy and security in the United Kingdom (UK). Given the uncertainties associated with the decision to leave the European Union (EU), the need to consider its potential effects on the UK's energy sector becomes even more pertinent. Through the lens of a few widely reviewed trade regimes in the light of Brexit, it can be observed that while UK energy policies are unlikely to change drastically, Brexit nevertheless threatens the UK's capacity to safeguard its energy supply. The uncertainties following Brexit could arguably starve the UK's upstream petroleum, electricity, and renewable energy sectors of their required investments. Both short and long-term impacts could result in UK residents paying more per unit of energy consumed in a "hard Brexit" scenario, where the UK exits the Internal Energy Market (IEM) and must trade with the EU under World Trade Organisation rules. While a hard Brexit could aid the growth of the nascent shale gas industry, a negotiated withdrawal that includes some form of access to the IEM (a "soft Brexit") would be more beneficial for the future of energy security in the UK.

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“…However, in countries such as the Netherlands, the domestic supply potential of biomass available for bioenergy and bio‐based chemicals is limited . As a consequence, the Netherlands will depend, to a large extent, on intra‐EU and extra‐EU imports of sustainably sourced biomass to develop its bio‐based economy and biorefining sector . Such developments will also have to comply with key sustainability criteria of which GHG emissions savings in comparison to fossil counterparts are considered a crucial aspect, particularly for energy outputs that need to comply with GHG emissions‐savings criteria as established in the revised Renewable Energy Directive (RED II).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Netherlands has been selected as a case study given that biomass imports are expected to continue growing in the future to meet national climate targets and potential growth in the demand for bioenergy and bio‐based materials . The biorefinery is assumed to be located in an existing lounge refinery cluster in the port of Rotterdam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A carbon footprint assessment of multi‐output biorefineries with international biomass supply: a case study for the Netherlands

Vera

Hoefnagels

Kooij³

et al. 2019

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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The efficient use of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of advanced fuels and bio‐based materials has become increasingly relevant. In the EU, regulatory developments are stimulating the mobilization and production of bio‐based chemicals / materials and biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. We used an attributional life‐cycle assessment approach based on region‐specific characteristics to determine the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) performance of different supply‐chain configurations with internationally sourced lignocellulosic biomass (stem wood, forest residues, sawmill residues, and sugarcane bagasse) from the USA, the Baltic States (BS), and Brazil (BR) for the simultaneous production of lactide and ethanol in a biorefinery located in the Netherlands (NL). The results are compared with a biorefinery that uses locally cultivated sugar beets. We also compared GHG emissions savings from the supply‐chain configurations with the minimum GHG saving requirements in the revised Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) and relevant fossil‐based counterparts for bio‐based materials. The GHG emissions ‘from cradle to factory gate’ vary between 692 g CO2eq/kglactide (sawmill residues pellets from the BS) and 1002 g CO2eq/kglactide (sawmill chips from the USA) for lactide and between 15 g CO2eq/MJethanol (sawmill residues pellets from the BS) and 28 g CO2eq/MJethanol (bagasse pellets from BR) for ethanol. Upstream GHG emissions from the conversion routes have a relatively small impact compared with biomass conversion to lactide and ethanol. The use of woody biomass yields better GHG emissions performance for the conversion system than sugarcane bagasse or sugar beets as result of the higher lignin content that is used to generate electricity and heat internally for the system. Only the sugar beet from the NL production route is able to comply with RED II GHG savings criteria (65% by 2021). The GHG savings from polylactide acid (a derivate of lactic acid) are high and vary depending on choice of fossil‐based counterpart, with the highest savings reported when compared to polystyrene (PS). These high savings are mostly attributed to the negative emission credit from the embedded carbon in the materials. Several improvement options along the conversion routes were explored. Efficient feedstock supply chains (including pelletization and large ocean vessels) also allow for long‐distance transportation of biomass and conversion in large‐scale biorefineries close to demand centers with similar GHG performance to biorefineries with a local biomass supply. © 2019 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Review of solid and liquid biofuel demand and supply in Northwest Europe towards 2030 – A comparison of national and regional projections

Cited by 59 publications

References 10 publications

Global biomass trade for energy— Part 2: Production and trade streams of wood pellets, liquid biofuels, charcoal, industrial roundwood and emerging energy biomass

Global biomass trade for energy— Part 2: Production and trade streams of wood pellets, liquid biofuels, charcoal, industrial roundwood and emerging energy biomass

Brexit and Article 50 of the Treaty of the European Union: Implications for UK Energy Policy and Security

A carbon footprint assessment of multi‐output biorefineries with international biomass supply: a case study for the Netherlands

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