Review of Shot-Hole Disease of Stone-Fruit Trees

Abstract

Shot-hole caused by Stigmina carpophila , is an important disease of stone fruit trees worldwide including Iran. The pathogen produces sporodochia bearing sympodial conidiophores, bearing conidia which have often 3-5 cells. Pathogen has wide host range and can infect almost all species of the genus Prunus. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium in twig cankers and blighted buds or in it is associated with dormant buds. Temperature and duration of wetness are important factors on disease incidence and its severity. The pathogen penetrates the plant indirectly through stomata or directly with its appressoria. Because of the importance of shot hole disease in Iran, symptoms, morphological characteristics of the pathogen, epidemiological factors and methods of disease management are discussed in this review.

Biological protection of plum from shot hole disease in the humid subtropics of the Krasnodar region (Russia)

“…The optimal start time for protective treatments of plum trees from SHD was determined on the basis of phenological observations. [4,17]. The most favorable time for SHD progression are the last two spring months (April and May) and in the first half of summer (June and the first half of July) in Sochi, because the weather conditions are the best for SHD in this period: a high relative air humidity (above 70 %due to frequent precipitations, mostly rainfall) combines with temperate air temperatures from +10 to +26°C [18].…”

“…However, the most noticeable damage is the holes in leaves: rounded small pieces of infected leaf tissue die and fall out because of the specific pathogen-induced necrosis. Significant disease severity can reduce the amount of photosynthesis due to the dying and the falling of infected leaves, leading to the serious tree weakening and fruit production decreasing [4].…”

“…Chemical fungicides remain a main remedy of this harmful plum disease [3,4], but everybody knows now about the negative side effects of chemicals. For example, chemical fungicides can accumulate in plants and soil, making them toxic; frequent and excessive application of chemical fungicides could lead to the emergence of fungicide resistance in pathogens; in addition, chemical fungicides usually inhibit the growth of other microorganisms, including natural antagonists of many plant pathogens [5].…”

Temporal Dynamics of Incidence of Shot Hole Disease Affected by Training Systems and Cultivar Susceptibilities in an Integrated Plum Orchard

“…Symptoms of SHD occur on the leaves, shoots and fruits of most cultivated stone fruit species [ 6 ]. In the case of plum, the leaf symptom of SHD is the most common symptom type [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Leaf symptoms appear as tiny light spots that gradually turn brown.…”

Биологизированный Контроль Основных Болезней Алычи Во Влажных Субтропиках Краснодарского Края

“…M.B. Ellis) -возбудитель кластероспориоза, комплексного заболевания косточковых культур, проявляющегося в отмирании побегов, повреждении плодов и дырчатой пятнистости листьев (3).…”