This thesis presents energy and reliability analyses of eight wastewater treatment plants operating in small communities in Ontario, Canada. Five different treatment technologies were investigated; namely, rotating biological contactor (RBC), sequencing batch reactor (SBR), membrane bioreactor (MBR), lagoon, and extended aeration activated sludge process (EAAS). Key performance indicators (KPIs) were used to quantify a specific consumption of energy in WWTPs per unit of pollutant removed. It was found that RBC plants showed a distinctive advantage for all energy KPI assessed, while SBR plants yielded the highest values of energy KPIs. Analyses of the expected percentage of compliance with discharge standards based on WWTPs performance records showed that few WWTPs achieved reliability levels over 95% under the current operating and maintenance conditions. Process modelling for one of the RBCs plants using Biowin software was used as an effective tool to accurately simulate effluent quality, predict treatment performance, and troubleshoot operational problems.