Review of rope‐based access methods for the forest canopy: safe and unsafe practices in published information sources and a summary of current methods

Anderson, David L.; Koomjian, Will; French, Brian F.; Altenhoff, Scott R.; Luce, James J.

doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12393

Cited by 47 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…For a subset of the individuals ( n = 61), we measured the height of leaf sampling. Small branches of canopy plants were collected using the French‐spike tree climbing method (Fonderies Lacoste, Excideuil, France; de Castilho, Magnusson, Oliveira de Araújo, Da Costa Pereira, & De Souza ) or the single‐rope technique (Anderson, Koomjian, French, Altenhoff, & Luce, ). When part of the foliage of an individual was exposed to direct sunlight, sun leaves were collected when possible, otherwise shade leaves were collected.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf drought tolerance cannot be inferred from classic leaf traits in a tropical rainforest

Maréchaux

Saint‐André²,

Bartlett

et al. 2019

Journal of Ecology

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1. Plants are enormously diverse in their traits and ecological adaptation, even within given ecosystems, such as tropical rainforests. Accounting for this diversity in vegetation models poses serious challenges. Global plant functional trait databases have highlighted general trait correlations across species that have considerably advanced this research program. However, it remains unclear whether trait correlations found globally hold within communities, and whether they extend to drought tolerance traits.2. For 134 individual plants spanning a range of sizes and life forms (tree, liana, understorey species) within an Amazonian forest, we measured leaf drought tolerance (leaf water potential at turgor loss point, π tlp ), together with 17 leaf traits related to various functions, including leaf economics traits and nutrient composition (leaf mass per area, LMA; and concentrations of C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg per leaf mass and area), leaf area, water-use efficiency (carbon isotope ratio), and timeintegrated stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation rate per leaf mass and area. We tested trait coordination and the ability to estimate π tlp from the other traits through model selection. Performance and transferability of the best predictive model were assessed through cross-validation.3. Here π tlp was positively correlated with leaf area, and with N, P and K concentrations per leaf mass, but not with LMA or any other studied trait. Five axes were needed to account for >80% of trait variation, but only three of them explained more variance than expected at random. The best model explained only 30% of the variation in π tlp , and out-sample predictive performance was variable across life forms or canopy strata, suggesting a limited transferability of the model. Synthesis.We found a weak correlation among leaf drought tolerance and other leaf traits within a forest community. We conclude that higher trait dimensionality than assumed under the leaf economics spectrum may operate among leaves within plant communities, with important implications for species coexistence and responses to changing environmental conditions, and also for the representation of community diversity in vegetation models. | 1031Journal of Ecology MARÉCHAUX et Al. S U PP O RTI N G I N FO R M ATI O NAdditional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf drought tolerance cannot be inferred from classic leaf traits in a tropical rainforest

Maréchaux

Saint‐André²,

Bartlett

et al. 2019

Journal of Ecology

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“…A single arborist (M. Cashmore, Treetec Arboriculture and Ecology) cut all the bat chainsaw hollows using a systematic procedure to ensure consistency in the dimensions of the entrance slit and internal cavity. The selection of candidate trees, and the locations within trees where chainsaw hollows were cut, were determined using the International Society of Arboriculture Tree Risk Assessment Method [77], which incorporates empirical assessment of a range of factors that may influence the risk that any particular tree poses to the public (i.e., recording a range of data to assess the overall health and structural integrity of a tree), the risk and potential consequences that any work action taken may pose (e.g., pruning or not pruning a specific limb), plus the risks that the tree poses to anyone working within it (e.g., an arborist using the single rope climbing technique to access the canopy [78]). Using the strength loss formula from Smiley and Fraedrich [75], we calculated that the minimum stem diameter that could safely incorporate a bat chainsaw hollow was 10 cm.…”

Section: Bat Cavitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chainsaw-Carved Cavities Better Mimic the Thermal Properties of Natural Tree Hollows than Nest Boxes and Log Hollows

Griffiths

Lentini

Semmens

et al. 2018

Forests

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Abstract:The creation of supplementary habitats that effectively mimic the physical and thermal characteristics of natural tree hollows should be a key priority for landscape restoration and biodiversity offset programs. Here, we compare the thermal profiles of natural tree hollows with three types of artificial hollows designed for small marsupial gliders and tree-roosting insectivorous bats: (1) 'chainsaw hollows' carved directly into the trunks and branches of live trees, (2) 'log hollows', and (3) plywood nest boxes. Chainsaw hollows had thermal profiles that were similar to natural tree hollows: they were consistently warmer than ambient conditions at night, while remaining cooler than ambient during the day. In contrast, glider and bat boxes had the opposite pattern of heating and cooling, being slightly cooler than ambient at night and substantially hotter during the day. Glider log hollows had greater variation in internal temperatures compared to natural hollows and chainsaw hollows, but fluctuated less than glider boxes. Our results provide the first empirical evidence that artificial hollows carved directly into live trees can produce thermally stable supplementary habitats that could potentially buffer hollow-dependent fauna from weather extremes; whereas, poorly insulated plywood nest boxes produce lower-quality thermal environments. Together these findings provide positive impetus for stakeholders involved in conservation management and biodiversity offset programs to consider trialing chainsaw hollows in situations where target fauna require well-insulated supplementary habitats.

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“…In total five elevated nets of 6 x 3 meters were placed at the AHF, while three nets of 6 x 3 meters and two nets of 12 x 3 meters were used in the understory. Two trees in each station were climbed using the single rope technique (Anderson et al 2015) to install the elevated nets at AHF. The ground nets were located just beneath the elevated ones in the understory zone.…”

Section: Bat Capturementioning

confidence: 99%

Use of forest strata by bats according to wing morphology and habitat complexity in a fragment of tropical dry forest (Colombia)

2019

Barb

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The high spatial heterogeneity of tropical forests is one of the main causes for its vast biodiversity, along with other factors such as resource partitioning and habitat structure. Bats are a major component of these ecosystems and provide different functional roles and ecosystem services. This aspect is especially important in highly fragmented environments such as dry tropical forests, where the mechanisms that control the structuring of bat assemblages in these environments are still unknown. The present study examined the use of forest strata by a bat assemblage, which was evaluated throughout 16 nights of sampling during the rainy season (September 2009) in a tropical dry forest in Colombia. Using elevated and ground mist nets, a total of 170 bats from 13 different species were captured. Of these, 110 individuals and four unique species were captured at the Available Height for Foraging (AHF) (5.4-8.4 m) and 60 individuals and five unique species at the understory height (0-3 m). Variation in the vertical distribution of bat species revealed differences in feeding habits and foraging strategies, demonstrating species-specific patterns on how bats move through the forest according to leaf density and wing morphology. A possible relationship was detected between the wing aspect ratio and the forest layer in which the bats forage, probably according to food resource distribution, which has the potential to influence the structure of bat assemblages, and of the functional dynamics of these animals in tropical dry forests. assemblages (Pereira et al.

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Review of rope‐based access methods for the forest canopy: safe and unsafe practices in published information sources and a summary of current methods

Cited by 47 publications

References 33 publications

Leaf drought tolerance cannot be inferred from classic leaf traits in a tropical rainforest

Leaf drought tolerance cannot be inferred from classic leaf traits in a tropical rainforest

Chainsaw-Carved Cavities Better Mimic the Thermal Properties of Natural Tree Hollows than Nest Boxes and Log Hollows

Use of forest strata by bats according to wing morphology and habitat complexity in a fragment of tropical dry forest (Colombia)

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