Review of Robust Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Techniques for Cognitive Radio Networks

Abstract

Cognitive radio networks sense spectrum occupancy and manage themselves to operate in unused bands without disturbing licensed users. The detection capability of a radio system can be enhanced if the sensing process is performed jointly by a group of nodes so that the effects of wireless fading and shadowing can be minimized. However, taking a collaborative approach poses new security threats to the system as nodes can report false sensing data to reach a wrong decision. This paper makes a review of secure cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. The main objective of these protocols is to provide an accurate resolution about the availability of some spectrum channels, ensuring the contribution from incapable users as well as malicious ones is discarded. Issues, advantages and disadvantages of such protocols are investigated and summarized.

An inter-frame dynamic double-threshold energy detection for spectrum sensing in cognitive radios

“…(35), P 0,k > P f ,target since P d,k − 1 > P f ,target must hold to ensure a valid detection and P f ,k − 1 = P f ,target in Eq. (13). With γ 1 and N 1, the approximation er f c(x) ≈ 1 √ πx e −x 2 can be taken in Eq.…”

“…The final decision is made based on the soft combination of the received energy and hard combination of the received decision results in the FC. Therefore, the performance improvements of cooperative spectrum sensing schemes are obtained at the cost of extra control messages and increased computation complexities [13].…”

Performance analysis of probabilistic soft SSDF attack in cooperative spectrum sensing

“…Current secure algorithms at the FC mainly leverage history sensing results to identify malicious SUs [3]. To ensure the generality of the stealthiness analysis, a classical algorithm developed in [18] is chosen in this paper.…”

“…To enable CR, cooperative spectrum sensing, among multiple spectrum sensors, is one of the key technologies [2]. However, due to the openness of low-layer protocol stack of CR, the reliability of cooperative spectrum sensing is challenged by many security threats [3].…”

Optimal Entropy-Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing for Maritime Cognitive Radio Networks

“…The most renowned local spectrum sensing schemes are energy detection, entropy detector, matched filter and cyclostationary feature detection [4]. There are many improved local sensing schemes [5,6] and advanced cooperative spectrum sensing schemes [7,8] proposed in the literature. However, none of them has been effective at overcoming the unique challenges associated with MCRN, which includes radio wave propagation over water, surface reflection and wave occlusions.…”