Review of Reported Cholera Outbreaks Worldwide, 1995–2005

Griffith, David C.; Kelly-Hope, Louise A.; Miller, Mark A.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.973

Cited by 195 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Our results also indicate that S. flexneri is the dominant circulating species; this finding supports reports previously indicating the dominance of S. flexneri in Bangladesh [32]. The results from the study also illustrate that V. cholerae continues to be a major [33,34,35]. V. cholerae was the primary pathogen in four major flood-associated diarrhoeal epidemics that occurred in Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 1988Bangladesh, in , 1998Bangladesh, in , 2004Bangladesh, in , and 2007.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Etiological diversity of diarrhoeal disease in Bangladesh

Das

Ahmed

Ferdous

et al. 2013

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Background: This study compared the diversity of common diarrhoeal pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility in four hospitals in Bangladesh. Methodology: A total of 13,959 diarrhoea patients, comprising rural Mirzapur [2,820), rural Matlab (2,865), urban Dhaka (5,287) and urban Mirpur (2,987) were included under the diarrhoeal disease surveillance system of icddr,b during 2010-2011; stool specimens were tested for Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and rotavirus. Results: Rotavirus was highest in Mirzapur (28%) followed by Dhaka (24%), Matlab (19%) and Mirpur (18%). Overall, Shigella was significantly more prevalent in rural sites (Mirzapur 13% and Matlab 7%), than in urban sites (Dhaka 3% and Mirpur 3%). Vibrio cholerae was more common in the urban sites of Dhaka (14%) and Mirpur (12%). 72% of Shigella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin in Mirzapur, and 88% to mecillinam. In Dhaka, the figures for Shigella were 65% and 50%, in Matlab 65% and 85%, and in Mirpur 59% and 92% respectively. Susceptibility of Shigella to azithromycin and ceftriaxone in Dhaka was 74% and 95%, and in Mirpur 88% and 92% respectively. Vibrio cholerae showed the highest resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (100% in Mirpur) and lowest resistance to ciprofloxacin (0% in Dhaka, Matlab and Mirpur) and azithromycin (30% in Dhaka to 7% in Mirzapur). Multidrug resistance (≥ 3 antibiotics) for Shigella were: Mirzapur (50%); Dhaka (36%); Matlab (23%) and Mirpur (37%); and for V. cholerae it was 26%, 37%, 49% and 23% respectively. Conclusion: The isolation rates and antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella spp. and V. cholerae along with rotavirus differed significantly in certain geographical sites.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Etiological diversity of diarrhoeal disease in Bangladesh

Das

Ahmed

Ferdous

et al. 2013

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…While cholera still affects large numbers of people all over the world [1], its mechanism of transmission is not entirely clear. Previously, it was believed that Vibrio cholerae was solely linked to faecal contamination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household fish preparation hygiene and cholera transmission in Monrovia, Liberia

Scheelbeek

Treglown

Reid

et al. 2009

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Background: In the 1980s Vibrio cholerae was found to be an autochthonous resident of aquatic environments. As result, ingestion of undercooked, contaminated fish has been associated with cholera transmission. An alternative mechanism of transmission associated with fish was hypothesised by Schürmann et al. in 2002. He described a cholera case that was more likely to have been infected by contamination on the patient's hands rather than by ingestion of contaminated fish. Methodology: With fish being the main diet in Liberia, we decided to examine fish samples and preparation techniques in Monrovia. Excreta of 15 fish, caught in the estuarine waters of Monrovia, were analysed for V. cholerae. In addition, fish preparation methods were observed in 30 households. Results: Two fish samples were found positive. Observations revealed that hygiene measures during the gutting process of fish were limited; although hands were usually rinsed, in all cases soap was not used. Furthermore, contaminated water was frequently reused during food preparation. Conclusions: Since the cooking process of fish (and thus elimination of bacteria) in Monrovia usually consists of both frying and boiling, it seems plausible that in this context, the hypothesis by Schürmann et al. could be applicable. Further research is necessary to confirm this association, which could be a starting point for more context-specific health education campaigns addressing food preparation hygiene as risk factor for cholera.

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“…Observational records show that the vast majority of cholera outbreaks originate in coastal regions, indicating a strong association between environment and the disease. [4][5][6][7][8] Despite significant advances in our knowledge of the metabolism, pathogenesis, and genomics of V. cholerae, we still cannot predict precisely when the next cholera epidemic will occur or the probability, timing, and/or location of an outbreak, all of which is essential if an effective intervention strategy is to be designed and implemented. The recent outbreak of cholera in Haiti has affected millions of people and is a classic result of having a limited understanding of the dynamics of disease and the relationship of V. cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, with its environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Factors Influencing Epidemic Cholera

Jutla

Whitcombe

Hasan

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

141

120

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Abstract. Cholera outbreak following the earthquake of 2010 in Haiti has reaffirmed that the disease is a major public health threat. Vibrio cholerae is autochthonous to aquatic environment, hence, it cannot be eradicated but hydroclimatology-based prediction and prevention is an achievable goal. Using data from the 1800s, we describe uniqueness in seasonality and mechanism of occurrence of cholera in the epidemic regions of Asia and Latin America. Epidemic regions are located near regional rivers and are characterized by sporadic outbreaks, which are likely to be initiated during episodes of prevailing warm air temperature with low river flows, creating favorable environmental conditions for growth of cholera bacteria. Heavy rainfall, through inundation or breakdown of sanitary infrastructure, accelerates interaction between contaminated water and human activities, resulting in an epidemic. This causal mechanism is markedly different from endemic cholera where tidal intrusion of seawater carrying bacteria from estuary to inland regions, results in outbreaks.

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Review of Reported Cholera Outbreaks Worldwide, 1995–2005

Cited by 195 publications

References 9 publications

Etiological diversity of diarrhoeal disease in Bangladesh

Etiological diversity of diarrhoeal disease in Bangladesh

Household fish preparation hygiene and cholera transmission in Monrovia, Liberia

Environmental Factors Influencing Epidemic Cholera

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