Review of Regulatory Programs and New Opioid Technologies in Chronic Pain Management: Balancing the Risk of Medication Abuse with Medical Need

Genetics of Opioid Dependence: A Review of the Genetic Contribution to Opioid Dependence

“…Methadone, codeine, hydrocodone (Vicodin, Lortab), oxycodone, propoxyphene (Darvon), fentanyl (Duragesic, Actiq, Oralet), tramadol (Ultram), hydromorphone (Dilaudid), morphine (MS-Contin and others), and levorphanol (Levo-Dromoran) are among the most commonly prescribed opioids [1, 2]. They are used for pain management in a number of acute and chronic medical conditions including chronic non-cancer pain [3], post-surgical care [4, 5], and musculoskeletal pain [6]. In addition, they are also prescribed for non-pain conditions such as multiple sclerosis [7, 8].…”

Where Movements Matter: Examining Unintended Consequences of the Pain Management Movement in Medical, Criminal Justice, and Public Health Fields

“…In 1995, the American Pain Society, an interdisciplinary social movement organization, recommended that doctors consider pain the “fifth vital sign” along with body temperature, pulse, respiration rate, and blood pressure (Campbell ). Activists also collaborated with the FDA and the DEA to persuade the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB), a nonprofit organization representing US medical boards, to adopt new guidelines for narcotics prescribing (Fishbain et al ) while working with pharma to compel physicians to treat pain patients (Meier ). They brought lawsuits against physicians for inadequately treating pain and circulated the idea that providers who failed to prescribe narcotics were suffering from “opiophobia”—defined as “a phenomenon in which exaggerated concern about the risks associated with opioids prevent appropriate medical use of opioid analgesics” (Pain & Policy Studies Group )—effectively medicalizing the fear of prescribing pain medication (Bennett and Carr ).…”

Attitudes of Florida Pharmacists Toward Implementing a State Prescription Drug Monitoring Program for Controlled Substances

“…16 Evidence suggests that PDMPs may serve as a tool to prevent and detect prescription drug abuse and diversion. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] However, the efficacy and utility of PDMPs throughout the United States have not been thoroughly analyzed. Curtis et al measured the period prevalence of claims for opioid analgesics and controlledrelease oxycodone at the county level in 2000, finding that a statewide schedule II PDMP, along with the proportions of the population aged 15 to 24 years and aged 65 years or older, were associated with opioid lower claim rates.…”