Review of Recent Pneumococcal Infections with Attention to Vaccine and Nonvaccine Serotypes

Cost-Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Vaccination of Older People: A Study in 5 Western European Countries

“…We assumed the same effectiveness of vaccination in preventing pneumococcal pneumonia as in preventing invasive disease, an assumption supported by the results of earlier clinical trials in South Africa [17]. We further assumed that the vaccine covers 88% of capsular polysaccharide types causing invasive disease and pneumococcal pneumonia [23,26]. We did not include adverse events following vaccination in our analyses, as the incidence of 5 cases of anaphylaxis per 1 million doses of vaccine administered, used in the earlier US study, had very little effect on the results [23].…”

The Pathology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia

“…Streptococcus pneumonia accounts for 30% to 70% of the cases of community acquired-pneumonia (CAP) in general and accounts for 15% to 46% of cases of severe CAP requiring intensive care unit (ICU) management (Coonrod, 1989;Hager et al, 1990;Leeper, 1996). This bacterium is often part of the usual microbial flora of the nasopharynx of healthy individuals but also seems to have a predilection for the airway mucosal surfaces of subjects with chronic lung diseases (Reynolds, 1996).…”

Fatores de risco e medidas profiláticas nas pneumonias adquiridas na comunidade

“…O antígeno polissacarídeo induz anticorpo tipo-específico que aumenta a opsonização, fagocitose e destruição dos pneumococos pelas células fagocíticas (67) . Os tipos componentes da vacina cobrem cerca de 85% dos sorotipos causadores de pneumonia e de doença pneumocócica invasiva na comunidade (68) . Estes 23 sorotipos estão freqüentemente associados com bacteremia, sendo responsáveis por aproximadamente 80% das infecções que ocorrem no paciente idoso.…”