Review of proposed mechanisms for sockeye salmon population cycles in the fraser river

Levy, David A.; Wood, Chris

doi:10.1016/s0092-8240(05)80025-4

Cited by 29 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Oncorhynchus nerka abundance and age-class dominance is often variable (Lewis, 1971;Goodlad et al, 1974;Hanzel, 1984;Rieman & Myers, 1992;Thiede et al, 2002), may exhibit a cyclic pattern (Goodlad et al, 1974;Levy & Wood, 1992;Ricker, 1997;Myers et al, 1998), and is the result of their life history strategy and complex interactions among environmental variables and stochastic events, species interactions (e.g., predation and competition), harvest, disease, and prey limitation. Sockeye often exhibit strong 4-year cycles, as observed in Fraser River populations (Levy & Wood, 1992;Ricker, 1997).…”

Section: Population Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variability of kokanee and rainbow trout food habits, distribution, and population dynamics, in an ultraoligotrophic lake with no manipulative management

et al. 2007

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Crater Lake is a unique environment to evaluate the ecology of introduced kokanee and rainbow trout because of its otherwise pristine state, low productivity, absence of manipulative management, and lack of lotic systems for fish spawning. Between 1986 and 2004, kokanee displayed a great deal of variation in population demographics with a pattern that reoccurred in about 10 years. We believe that the reoccurring pattern resulted from density dependent growth, and associated changes in reproduction and abundance, driven by prey resource limitation that resulted from low lake productivity exacerbated by prey consumption when kokanee were abundant. Kokanee fed primarily on small-bodied prey from the mid-water column; whereas rainbow trout fed on large-bodied prey from the benthos and lake surface. Cladoceran zooplankton abundance may be regulated by kokanee. And kokanee growth and reproductive success may be influenced by the availability of Daphnia pulicaria, which was absent in zooplankton samples collected annually from 1990 to 1995, and after 1999. Distribution and diel migration of kokanee varied over the duration of the study and appeared to be most closely associated with prey availability, maximization of bioenergetic efficiency, and fish density. Rainbow trout were less abundant than were kokanee and exhibited less variation in population demographics, distribution, and food habits. There is some evidence that the population dynamics of rainbow trout were in-part related to the availability of kokanee as prey.

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Section: Population Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sockeye often exhibit strong 4-year cycles, as observed in Fraser River populations (Levy & Wood, 1992;Ricker, 1997). Sockeye cyclic abundance usually occurs in populations with a single age-at-maturity, resulting in one dominant and three subdominant ''subpopulations.'…”

Section: Population Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability of kokanee and rainbow trout food habits, distribution, and population dynamics, in an ultraoligotrophic lake with no manipulative management

et al. 2007

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“…6A). There are also substantial kokanee populations (Levy and Wood 1992), especially those of the Eagle and Lower Shuswap rivers. These compete with young sockeye for food, and may even consume a few of them.…”

Section: Magnitude Of Interaction Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cycles of abundance among Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

Ricker¹

1997

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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In some but not all populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that mature mainly at age 4, there has been a persistently "dominant" line, a "subdominant" line about 10-25% as large, and two weak lines having less than 1% as many fish as the dominant one. Suggested causes of this phenomenon that have been shown to be wrong or inadequate are the presence of a few sockeye of ages 3 and 5 in the spawning stocks and a somewhat larger rate of harvest of the nondominant lines. The only plausible type of explanation that has been suggested so far involves interaction between the dominant line and the others, and the only specific example involves a 4-year cycle of abundance of a predacious fish at Shuswap Lake, described by F.J. Ward and P.A. Larkin. Other types of interaction are possible, but have not been documented. The magnitudes of the instantaneous interaction mortality rates at Shuswap Lake are estimated as about 0.78 per generation for the subdominant line out of a 7.65 total, and 1.11 out of 7.94 for the weak line 3, line 4 being similar.Résumé : Dans certaines populations, mais non dans toutes, de saumon sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) dont la maturité est atteinte principalement à l'âge de 4 ans, on a observé une lignée « dominante » de manière persistante, une lignée « subdominante » qui compte environ 10-25% du nombre de poissons de la lignée dominante et deux lignées faibles comptant moins de 1%. Les causes proposées de ce phénomène que l'on a démontré erronées ou inappropriées sont la présence de quelques saumons d'âge 3 et 5 ans dans les stocks de reproducteurs, et un taux de récolte légèrement plus élevé dans les lignées non dominantes. Le seul type d'explication plausible proposé jusqu'ici fait intervenir l'interaction entre la lignée dominante et les autres, et le seul exemple spécifique fait intervenir un cycle d'abondance de 4 ans d'un poisson prédateur du lac Shuswap décrit par F.J. Ward et P.A. Larkin. D'autres types d'interactions sont possibles, mais n'ont pas été documentées. L'importance des taux instantanés de mortalité par interaction dans le lac Shuswap est estimée à environ 0,78 par génération pour la lignée subdominante sur un total de 7,65 et à 1,11 sur 7,94 pour la lignée 3 faible, la lignée 4 étant semblable.[Traduit par la Rédaction]

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“…The abundance of a few of the largest stocks have exhibited regular and dramatic cycles of abundance of returning spawners, varying in some stocks by two to four orders of magnitude in any 4-year period . The underlying mechanism causing the cycles has been the subject of considerable debate in the biology literature (reviewed by Levy and Wood, 1992). The predominant hypotheses are: that the ecology of the sockeye's spawning and rearing grounds generates and maintains the cycles through some form of delayed density-dependence (Ricker, 1950;Ward and Larkin, 1964;Larkin, 1971;Levy and Wood, 1992;Walters and Woodey, 1992); and the depensatory fishing mortality hypothesis, which suggests that the cycles may simply be a result of historical accidents causing variation in abundance, and this variation then being amplified by higher exploitation rates on smaller cycle lines (Walters and Staley, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The underlying mechanism causing the cycles has been the subject of considerable debate in the biology literature (reviewed by Levy and Wood, 1992). The predominant hypotheses are: that the ecology of the sockeye's spawning and rearing grounds generates and maintains the cycles through some form of delayed density-dependence (Ricker, 1950;Ward and Larkin, 1964;Larkin, 1971;Levy and Wood, 1992;Walters and Woodey, 1992); and the depensatory fishing mortality hypothesis, which suggests that the cycles may simply be a result of historical accidents causing variation in abundance, and this variation then being amplified by higher exploitation rates on smaller cycle lines (Walters and Staley, 1987). A recent workshop that examined the phenomenon of cycles in Fraser sockeye (Cass and Grout, 2006) produced a consensus that delayed density-dependent interactions are "a biological reality," but to varying degrees across the different systems, and that high fishing pressure is required to establish and maintain cycles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective bioeconomic analysis of Fraser River sockeye salmon fishery management

2009

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Review of proposed mechanisms for sockeye salmon population cycles in the fraser river

Cited by 29 publications

References 42 publications

Variability of kokanee and rainbow trout food habits, distribution, and population dynamics, in an ultraoligotrophic lake with no manipulative management

Variability of kokanee and rainbow trout food habits, distribution, and population dynamics, in an ultraoligotrophic lake with no manipulative management

Cycles of abundance among Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

Retrospective bioeconomic analysis of Fraser River sockeye salmon fishery management

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