Review of Preterm Human‐Milk Nutrient Composition

Gates, Amy; Marin, Terri; Leo, Gianluca De; Stansfield, Brian K.

doi:10.1002/ncp.10570

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 52 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The overall fluid intake (EN + PN) was started with 70–90 ml/kg/day and was increased by 10–20 ml/kg/day until the achievement of 150–180 ml/ kg/day, which was aimed to be reached by 7 to 10 DOL 30 . Preterm HM was assumed to contain 65 kcal/100 ml (1.5 g of protein/100 ml, 3.5 g of fat/100 ml, 6.9 g of carbohydrate/100 ml) 31 . Macronutrients’ content of formula (Pre-Nidina Nestlè, Milan, Italy) and of PN were calculated based on the published manufacturer’s labels, including proteins (TrophAmine 6% Braun Medical Inc. Irvine, USA), lipids (Smoflipd, Fresenius Kabi, USA), and carbohydrates (Dextrose injection 10%, Fresenius Kabi, USA) expressed in g/kg/day 32 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of early energy intake on neonatal cerebral growth of preterm newborn: an observational study

Boscarino

Chiara

Cellitti

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Current guidelines for preterm newborns recommend high energy nutrition soon after birth in order to limit growth retardation. However, long-term effects of this nutritional approach are still debated, and it has been demonstrated that cerebral growth depends on protein intake in early life. A negative impact of early high energy intake by parenteral nutrition (PN) has been reported for patients in critically ill conditions, observed in intensive care unit. We aimed at evaluating the impact of energy intake on cerebral growth in preterm neonates early in life. We included preterm newborns with gestational age < 32 weeks or birth weight (BW) < 1500 g. Measurement of cerebral structures was performed by cranial Ultrasonography (cUS) between 3 and 7 days of life (DOL, T0) and at 28 DOL (T1). We evaluated the relation between energy intake and cerebral growth in the first 28 DOL. We observed in 109 preterm newborns a significant (p < 0.05) negative correlation between energy intake received by PN and right caudate head growth (r = − 0.243*) and a positive correlation between total energy intake and transverse cerebellum diameter (r = 0.254*). Multivariate analysis showed that energy intake administered by enteral nutrition (EN), independently increased growth of left caudate head (β = 0.227*) and height cerebellar vermis (β = 0.415*), while PN independently affected growth of both right and left caudate head (β = − 0.164* and β = − 0.228*, respectively) and cerebellum transverse diameter (β = − 0.849*). The route of energy administration may exert different effects on cerebral growth in early life. High energy intake administered through EN seems to be positively correlated to cerebral growth; conversely, PN energy intake results in a poorer cerebral growth evaluated with cUS.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of early energy intake on neonatal cerebral growth of preterm newborn: an observational study

Boscarino

Chiara

Cellitti

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The human milk composition of mothers who gave birth to preterm infants differed from that of mothers who delivered term infants [25]. Early preterm milk was found to be naturally enriched for protein, with several studies suggesting that protein content may be as high as 4.1 AE 2.1 g/100 ml [26]. Sahin et al [27] found protein levels varied between 1.2-2.1 g/100 ml in preterm milk and 1.0-2.6 g/ 100 ml in term milk.…”

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preterm birth and human milk proteome: are we ready for individualized fortification?

Zhu

Liu

Xing

2022

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition &Amp; Metabolic Care

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose of reviewPreterm birth is one of the most pressing clinical problems in obstetrics and neonatology worldwide. One of the most sophisticated components of human milk is the proteome and a better understanding of it can lead to precision guides for feeding preterm infants. In this review, we will examine recent research focused on the human milk proteome and individualized protein fortification of human milk. Recent findingsIn both preterm and term birth, the protein content in mother's own milk dropped rapidly in the early postnatal period. Preterm milk had a higher protein content and contained different protein and endogenous peptide compositions compared with term milk. The peptides in gastrointestinal fluids of preterm infants still need further investigation. Individualized fortification is more superior to standard fortification, but it only focuses on the total protein amount. There is no data concerning the composition and posttranslational modifications of proteins and endogenous peptides with fortification and their longterm effects. SummaryComprehensive identification and characterization of the human milk proteome have led to the targeted breast milk fortification theory of preterm infant feeding and has also been enriched by clinical trials. However, to achieve fortification of key proteins and/or endogenous peptides, as standard clinical practice, requires additional studies. Future research should explore the long-term effect of protein fortification and pay more attention to quality rather than quantity in relation to infant body composition and growth outcomes.

show abstract

“…Preterm formula (Pre-Nidina Nestlè, Milan, Italy) was administered when human milk was not available or sufficient. Preterm human milk was assumed to contain 65 Kcal/100 mL (1.5 g of protein/100 mL, 3.5 g of fat/100 mL, 6.9 g of carbohydrate/100 mL) [25].…”

Section: Nutritional Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Enteral Feeding Improves Tolerance of Parenteral Nutrition in Preterm Newborns

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

(1) Background: The tolerance of preterm newborns for the high nutritional intakes given by parenteral nutrition (PN) is still debated because of the risk of metabolic complications. Despite enteral nutrition (EN) being the preferred route of nutrition, an exclusive enteral feeding is not always possible, as in preterm newborns, the gut is immature and less tolerant of EN. We aimed to study the impact of a minimal enteral feeding (MEF) on the possible early metabolic complications of PN in a cohort of preterms with gestational age at birth GA ≤ 29 + 6/7 weeks of postmenstrual age. (2) Methods: We divided the study sample in two cohorts: 1) Late-Feeding (cohort 1), newborns who received MEF starting from the 8th day of age, and (2) Early-Feeding (cohort 2), newborns who received MEF, consisting of the administration of at least 4–5 mL/kg/day by the enteral route, in the first 7 days of age. The primary outcome of the study was the rate of at least one metabolic complication, including hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, or metabolic acidosis. (3) Results: We enrolled 80 newborns (Late-Feeding cohort 51 vs. Early-Feeding cohort 29). The rate of all metabolic complications was statistically higher in the Late-Feeding cohort compared to the Early-Feeding cohort. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that late administration of MEF negatively influenced the rate of all metabolic complications. (4) Conclusions: Early minimal administration of EN is associated with less frequent PN-related metabolic side effects and a higher rate of survival in critically ill newborns.

show abstract

Review of Preterm Human‐Milk Nutrient Composition

Cited by 29 publications

References 52 publications

Effects of early energy intake on neonatal cerebral growth of preterm newborn: an observational study

Effects of early energy intake on neonatal cerebral growth of preterm newborn: an observational study

Preterm birth and human milk proteome: are we ready for individualized fortification?

Early Enteral Feeding Improves Tolerance of Parenteral Nutrition in Preterm Newborns

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About