Review of Optical Fiber Sensors for Temperature, Salinity, and Pressure Sensing and Measurement in Seawater

Liang, Honglin; Wang, Jing; Zhang, Lihui; Liu, Jichao; Wang, Shanshan

doi:10.3390/s22145363

Cited by 36 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…In general, the salinity of seawater around the world ranges from 0 to 35‰ [ 25 ]. The experiment used 0~40‰, covering the salinity range of seawater.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salinity and Temperature Dual-Parameter Sensor Based on Fiber Ring Laser with Tapered Side-Hole Fiber Embedded in Sagnac Interferometer

Zhao

Lin

et al. 2022

Sensors

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This paper presented a new kind of salinity and temperature dual-parameter sensor based on a fiber ring laser (FRL) with tapered side-hole fiber (SHF) embedded in a Sagnac interferometer. The sensing structure is majorly composed of tapered SHF located in the middle of SHF inside the Sagnac interferometer loop structure. The influences of the SHF’s diameters of different tapered in the Sagnac interferometer loop on the FRL sensing system are studied. The presence of air holes in the SHF makes the cladding mode easier to excite, and the interaction between the cladding mode with its surroundings is enhanced, thus having higher salinity sensitivity. Besides, the unique advantages of high resolution, narrower linewidth, and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of fiber laser make the measurement results more accurate. In this experiment, the SHF with different taper diameters was made, and it was found that reducing the diameter of the taper waist diameter could further improve the salinity sensitivity. When the waist diameter was 9.70 μm, the maximum salinity sensitivity of 0.2867 nm/‰ was achieved. Temperature sensing experiments were also carried out. The maximum temperature sensitivity of the FRL sensing system was −0.3041 nm/°C at the temperature range from 20 to 30 °C. The sensor has the characteristics of easy manufacture, good selectivity, and high sensitivity, proving the feasibility of simultaneous measurement of seawater salinity and temperature.

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“…In general, the salinity of seawater around the world ranges from 0 to 35‰ [ 25 ]. The experiment used 0~40‰, covering the salinity range of seawater.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, there is a measurement interval for laser sensing. Considering that the real measured environment is relatively harsh, how to encapsulate the optical sensor to ensure the system’s accuracy, stability, and long-term use is the main direction of practical research in the future [ 25 , 29 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salinity and Temperature Dual-Parameter Sensor Based on Fiber Ring Laser with Tapered Side-Hole Fiber Embedded in Sagnac Interferometer

Zhao

Lin

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…The refraction index of sea water is closely related to salinity, temperature and depth. This relation can be described by an empirical formula [ 51 , 52 ]:

where n is the refraction index of seawater, λ is the wave length of incident light, T is the temperature of seawater, S is the relative salinity of seawater and P is the pressure. Unlike traditional electrical CTD sensors, optical sensors do not measure salinity by measurement of conductivity.…”

Section: Conductivity/salinity Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CTD Sensors for Ocean Investigation Including State of Art and Commercially Available

Xiao

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Over 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by oceans; globally, oceans provides a huge source of wealth to humans. In the literature, several sensors have been developed to investigate oceans. Electrical conductivity temperature depth (CTD) sensors were used frequently and extensively. Long-term accurate CTD data is important for the study and utilization of oceans, e.g., for weather forecasting, ecological evolution, fishery, and shipping. Several kinds of CTD sensors based on electrics, optical, acoustic wave and radio waves have been developed. CTD sensors are often utilized by measuring electrical signals. The latest progress of CTD sensors will be presented in order of performance. The principles, structure, materials and properties of many CTD sensors were discussed in detail. The commercially available CTD sensors were involved and their respective performances were compared. Some possible development directions of CTD sensors for ocean investigation are proposed.

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“…Unique properties such as small size, high sensitivity, light weight, reliability and immunity to electromagnetic interference make fiber-optic sensors promising materials for applications in medicine [ 6 ], energy [ 7 ], construction [ 8 ], defense [ 9 ], and other industries [ 10 ]. In addition, the most important parameter in biomedical measurements is selectivity—the ability to detect a specific measurand of interest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Sensitive Zinc Oxide Fiber-Optic Biosensor for the Detection of CD44 Protein

et al. 2022

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Currently, significant progress is being made in the prevention, treatment and prognosis of many types of cancer, using biological markers to assess current physiological processes in the body, including risk assessment, differential diagnosis, screening, treatment determination and monitoring of disease progression. The interaction of protein coding gene CD44 with the corresponding ligands promotes the processes of invasion and migration in metastases. The study of new and rapid methods for the quantitative determination of the CD44 protein is essential for timely diagnosis and therapy. Current methods for detecting this protein use labeled assay reagents and are time consuming. In this paper, a fiber-optic biosensor with a spherical tip coated with a thin layer of zinc oxide (ZnO) with a thickness of 100 nm, deposited using a low-cost sol–gel method, is developed to measure the CD44 protein in the range from 100 aM to 100 nM. This sensor is easy to manufacture, has a good response to the protein change with detection limit of 0.8 fM, and has high sensitivity to the changes in the refractive index (RI) of the environment. In addition, this work demonstrates the possibility of achieving sensor regeneration without damage to the functionalized surface. The sensitivity of the obtained sensor was tested in relation to the concentration of the control protein, as well as without antibodies—CD44.

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Review of Optical Fiber Sensors for Temperature, Salinity, and Pressure Sensing and Measurement in Seawater

Cited by 36 publications

References 146 publications

Salinity and Temperature Dual-Parameter Sensor Based on Fiber Ring Laser with Tapered Side-Hole Fiber Embedded in Sagnac Interferometer

Salinity and Temperature Dual-Parameter Sensor Based on Fiber Ring Laser with Tapered Side-Hole Fiber Embedded in Sagnac Interferometer

CTD Sensors for Ocean Investigation Including State of Art and Commercially Available

Highly Sensitive Zinc Oxide Fiber-Optic Biosensor for the Detection of CD44 Protein

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