Review of optical and wireless backhaul networks and emerging trends of next generation 5G and 6G technologies

Abstract

Mobile Backhauling provides an interface between radio controller and base stations, mostly realized with a physical medium such as optical fibers or microwave radio links. With the huge mobile traffic due to an increase in mobile subscribers as well as deployment of 4G and 5G cellular network technologies, better solutions for capacity and coverage should be provided in order to enhance spectral efficiency. For 4G cellular networks, mobile backhaul networks deal with capacity, availability, deployment cost, and long-distance reaches. In addition, mobile backhaul networks based on the 5G network incurs additional challenges that include 1 ms or less ultralow latency time requirements and ultra-dense nature of the network capabilities. Therefore, for 5G technologies, latency delay, QoS, packet efficiency, noise suppression, and mitigation techniques, efficient modulation schemes, and packet network timing synchronization are some aspects that are to be dealt with while designing efficient backhaul approaches (wired/wireless). Current backhaul systems typically use cost-effective solutions (eg,-Wi-Fi and WiMAX)-based packet-switched technologies, especially Ethernet/Internet technologies and high-speed optical fiber links.

Recent Technologies, Security Countermeasure and Ongoing Challenges of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT): A Survey

“…Backhaul network also serves as a bridge in the heterogeneous capillary communication technologies. This section focuses on the analysis of the backhaul networks, which includes ethernet, wireless local area network (WLAN, or Wi-Fi), low rate-wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN), WiMax and universal mobile telecommunications system third generation (UMTS 3G) [ 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 ], as presented in Table 8 .…”

Channel estimation for reconfigurable intelligent surface‐assisted multiuser mmWave MIMO system in the presence of array blockage

“…1 Since mmWave MIMO system is obstacles sensitive, the emerging reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology is proposed to overcome this drawback recently. [2][3][4][5] All elements of the RIS are passive reflecting antennas designed to reflect the incident signals towards any intended direction are positioned in a surface of which phase shifts can be controlled by base station (BS) through a smart microcontroller. Base on the hardware architecture of RIS, a joint passive beamforming at the RIS and active beamforming/combining at the BS/user equipment (UE) scheme is proposed recently.…”

Hybrid Optimized Approaches for Routing and Resource Reservation Protocols in Optical Networks

“…The bandwidth requirement in the backbone network has also been increased due to the current COVID19 pandemic as normal corporate activities and academic activities have been shifted to online mode which have potentially increased the network data. Due to the evolution of 5G, traffic will further increase over the fiber backhaul network to overcome the two popular challenges including latency of an order of 1ms and the huge bandwidth requirement to support heavy traffic generated by billion interconnected end users due to 5G deployment with densely connected small cells [3]- [5].…”