Review of Middle East energy interconnection development

Zhang, Xiaoping; Ou, Mingyu; Song, Yue; Li, Xiaolu

doi:10.1007/s40565-017-0335-7

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…These subsidies led to inefficient consumption of energy which is evidenced by the high electricity consumption and CO 2 emissions per capita [4]. Energy demand is expected to increase in the Middle East due to the high population growth and urbanization [5].The developed countries of the world have responded to the challenge of building energy consumption with strengthening of the building regulations and standards with respect to building energy efficiency. While there is structured and robust building regulations in many developed countries, in developing countries on the other hand there is either poorly developed regulations or no regulation at all [6].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluating Design Strategies for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings in the Middle East and North Africa Regions

Al-Saeed

Ahmed

2018

Designs

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There is international pressure for countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which are blamed as the main cause of climate change. The countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region heavily rely on fossil fuel as the main energy source for buildings. The concept of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) has been defined and standardized for some developed countries. While most of the developing countries located in the MENA region with hot and tropical climate lack building energy efficiency standards. With pressure to improve energy and environmental performance of buildings, nZEB buildings are expected to grow over the coming years and employing these buildings in the MENA region can reduce building energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Therefore, the paper focuses on: (a) reviewing the current established nZEB standards and definitions for countries in the hot and warm climate of Europe, (b) investigate the primary energy consumption for current existing buildings in the MENA region, and (c) establishing a standard for nZEB and positive energy buildings in kWh/m2/year for the MENA region using a building simulation platform represented using Autodesk Insight 360. The result of the simulation reveals high energy use intensity for existing buildings in the MENA region. By improving building fabric and applying solar photovoltaics (PV) in the base model, significant reductions in primary energy consumption was achieved. Further design improvements, such as increasing the airtightness and using high efficiency solar PV, also contributed to positive energy buildings that produce more energy than they consume.

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Evaluating Design Strategies for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings in the Middle East and North Africa Regions

Al-Saeed

Ahmed

2018

Designs

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“…VSC and LCC based HVDC, or HVDC vs. HVAC) [21,41,42]. In addition, other reviews target implementation outlook and challenges for HVDC technologies within a geographic/policy based context [15,43,44].…”

Section: Contributions and Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detailed discussion of interconnection opportunities in this region is presented in [43]. Further analysis of point-to-point and meshed HVDC pathways between the Middle-East-North-Africa (MENA) region and Europe to export CSP is presented in [230].…”

Section: Res Interconnection Horizonmentioning

confidence: 99%

HVDC Transmission: Technology Review, Market Trends and Future Outlook

Alassi

Bañales

Ellabban

et al. 2019

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

278

104

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HVDC systems are playing an increasingly significant role in energy transmission due to their technical and economic superiority over HVAC systems for long distance transmission. HVDC is preferable beyond 300-800 km for overhead point-to-point transmission projects and for the cable based interconnection or the grid integration of remote offshore wind farms beyond 50-100 km. Several HVDC review papers exist in literature but often focus on specific geographic locations or system components. In contrast, this paper presents a detailed, up-to-date, analysis and assessment of HVDC transmission systems on a global scale, targeting expert and general audience alike. The paper covers the following aspects: technical and economic comparison of HVAC and HVDC systems; investigation of international HVDC market size, conditions, geographic sparsity of the technology adoption, as well as the main suppliers landscape; and high-level comparisons and analysis of HVDC system components such as Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) and Line Commutated Converters (LCCs), etc. The presented analysis are supported by practical case studies from existing projects in an effort to reveal the complex technical and economic considerations, factors and rationale involved in the evaluation and selection of transmission system technology for a given project. The contemporary operational challenges such as the ownership of Multi-Terminal DC (MTDC) networks are also discussed. Subsequently, the required development factors, both technically and regulatory, for proper MTDC networks operation are highlighted, including a future outlook of different HVDC system components. Collectively, the role of HVDC transmission in achieving national renewable energy targets in light of the Paris agreement commitments is highlighted with relevant examples of potential HVDC corridors.

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“…One important aspect that one has to consider when analyzing the future renewable energy development in the region is the existence of the high-capacity interconnection links between the countries of the region. The GCC regional energy interconnection was proposed at an early stage of the council's formation to connect the six member countries electrically through overhead lines and submarine cables [54]. According to Zhang et al [54] the project was executed in three phases from 2009 to 2011 by the Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (GCCIA) (see Fig.…”

Section: A Gcc Regional Energy Interconnectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GCC Countries’ Renewable Energy Penetration and the Progress of Their Energy Sector Projects

Alharbi

Csala

2020

IEEE Access

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The member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) are reliant on fossil fuels to generate electricity. Fossil fuels also represent the main source of economic income in the region. Climate change is closely associated with the use of fossil fuels, and it has become the main motivation driving the GCC countries to search for alternative solutions, such as renewable energy technologies, to eliminate their reliance on fossil fuels and the climate burden attached. The GCC countries have all adopted plans for economic development and diversification to be implemented over two decades. Such plans are strengthened by a framework for long-term planning, which includes a strategic commitment to pursue the development process in a sustainable manner. This research provides a comprehensive review and strict follow-up to shed light on the renewable energy projects implemented in the GCC region and critically discusses future prospects. The projects foreshadow the GCC countries' ability to comply with the future requirements and to spearhead the renewable energy transition towards a more sustainable and equitable future. The main findings of this research reveal that the GCC countries have achieved significant progress in the field of renewable energy deployment. The United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia are at the top of the list for global renewable energy projects, while Kuwait and Oman have also announced the progress of their projects and have honored their pledges. We find that Bahrain and Qatar need to exercise more transparency in regard to disclosing information about the developments of their renewable energy projects. Finally, although several promising renewable energy projects are underway or have been announced in the region, their completion should be accelerated, and more projects must be implemented to fully meet the decarbonization targets and climate constraints.

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Review of Middle East energy interconnection development

Cited by 34 publications

References 39 publications

Evaluating Design Strategies for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings in the Middle East and North Africa Regions

Evaluating Design Strategies for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings in the Middle East and North Africa Regions

HVDC Transmission: Technology Review, Market Trends and Future Outlook

GCC Countries’ Renewable Energy Penetration and the Progress of Their Energy Sector Projects

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