2019
DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.03.002
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Review of Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: From Nanoscale Engineering to Atomic Design

Abstract: Platinum (Pt)-based catalysts have been unanimously considered the most efficient catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Unfortunately, the exorbitant cost of Pt hampers the widespread adoption and development of PEMFCs. Scientists have devoted tremendous efforts to achieving higher catalytic activity with less Pt usage by constructing delicate nanostructures. Substituting Pt with cheaper metals may be a feasible solution but suffers from a relatively… Show more

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Cited by 570 publications
(385 citation statements)
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“…[ 21 ] Several general reviews on the controlled synthesis of many types of SACs with high metal mass loading and their electrochemical applications for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), ORR, and carbon dioxide reduction reaction have been published. [ 22–25 ] Therefore, this review will specifically focus on reviewing the recent progress of both experimental and theoretical investigations for elucidating the mechanisms of ORR over SACs in acidic and alkaline environments, as well as the recently developed strategies for optimizing the ORR activity of SACs.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[ 21 ] Several general reviews on the controlled synthesis of many types of SACs with high metal mass loading and their electrochemical applications for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), ORR, and carbon dioxide reduction reaction have been published. [ 22–25 ] Therefore, this review will specifically focus on reviewing the recent progress of both experimental and theoretical investigations for elucidating the mechanisms of ORR over SACs in acidic and alkaline environments, as well as the recently developed strategies for optimizing the ORR activity of SACs.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Researchers have made numerous efforts by far to tackle the aforementioned problem [8][9][10][11]. Herein, we have divided these strategies into two directions.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this section, we discuss the applications of fundamental theory and methodology for the conversion of H 2 , O 2 , H 2 O, N 2 , CO 2 , and CH 4 activation. We refer to other refs for in-depth reviews (H 2 , [149][150][151] O 2 , [152,153] H 2 O, [154][155][156] N 2 , [157][158][159][160] CO 2 , [161][162][163] and CH 4 [4,5] ). Here, we focus on the demonstrations of the catalyst design methods such as the Sabatier principle, d-band theory, high-throughput screening, and machine learning for the activation of small molecules discussed above.…”
Section: Applications Of Computational Approaches For Small Molecule mentioning
confidence: 99%