Review of medical literature of great apes in the 1980s

Janssen, Donald L.; Bush, R. Mitchell

doi:10.1002/zoo.1430090206

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…1 In two retrospective studies on diseases of great apes, no cases of cerebrovascular disease were reported. 6,11 An aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery was reported in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) that developed anisocoria. 13 Potential causes of cerebral infarct include atherosclerosis, 4,14,18 septic thromboembolism, 12,18 neoplasia, 18 coagulopathy, 8,18 aberrant parasitic migration or emboli, 18 fat or air emboli from trauma, vasospasm, hypertension, 4,14,18 or other causes of cerebrovascular hemorrhage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Diagnosis and Treatment of a Cerebral Infarct in a Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes)

Fish¹,

Carpenter²,

Kraft³

2004

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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A 29-yr-old chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) presented after an acute onset of right facial and forearm paresis that progressed to paralysis within 24 hr, with subsequent development of right leg paresis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head revealed an abnormal region of increased signal intensity in the left frontal, parietal, and temporal cerebral hemispheres, corresponding to the vascular territory of the middle cerebral artery, with resultant compression of the left lateral ventricle. The findings were consistent with a cerebral infarct (stroke). MRI is the most sensitive test for early detection of cerebral changes due to ischemia and was essential in obtaining a diagnosis in this case. The chimpanzee responded well to treatment with long-term anticoagulant aspirin and a short, tapered course of prednisone and regained full gross motor function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Diagnosis and Treatment of a Cerebral Infarct in a Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes)

Fish¹,

Carpenter²,

Kraft³

2004

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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“…Furthermore, total cholesterol and triglycerides are higher in captive than free-ranging gorillas (Schmidt et al, 2006), who seem to rarely develop cardiac disease (Lowenstine et al, 2016). Although atherosclerotic plaques (Cousins, 1972;Hruban et al, 1986;Janssen and Bush, 1990;Kenny et al, 1994;McManamon and Lowenstine, 2012) and even CAD (Murphy et al, 2011) have been documented in a few individuals, severe atherosclerosis in gorillas and other great apes is rare (Lowenstine et al, 2016;McManamon and Lowenstine, 2012;Varki et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing lipid markers as predictors of all-cause morbidity, cardiac disease, and mortality risk in captive western lowland gorillas (<i>Gorilla gorilla gorilla</i>)

2020

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Abstract. Great apes and humans develop many of the same health conditions, including cardiac disease as a leading cause of death. In humans, lipid markers are strong predictors of morbidity and mortality risk. To determine if they similarly predict risk in gorillas, we measured five serum lipid markers and calculated three lipoprotein ratios from zoo-housed western lowland gorillas (aged 6–52 years, n=61, subset with routine immobilizations only: n=47): total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), TC∕HDL, LDL∕HDL, and TG∕HDL. We examined each in relation to age and sex, then analyzed whether they predicted all-cause morbidity, cardiac disease, and mortality using generalized linear models (GLMs). Older age was significantly associated with higher TG, TC∕HDL, LDL∕HDL, and TG∕HDL, and lower HDL and apoA1. With all ages combined, compared to females, males had significantly lower TG, TC∕HDL, LDL∕HDL, and TG∕HDL, and higher HDL. Using GLMs, age, sex, and lower LDL∕HDL were significant predictors of all-cause morbidity; this is consistent with research demonstrating lower LDL in humans with arthritis, which was the second most prevalent condition in this sample. In contrast to humans, lipid markers were not better predictors of cardiac disease and mortality risk in gorillas, with cardiac disease best predicted by age and sex alone, and mortality risk only by age. Similar results were observed when multimodel inference was used as an alternative analysis strategy, suggesting it can be used in place of or in addition to traditional methods for predicting risk.

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