Review of major shale-dominated detachment and thrust characteristics in the diagenetic zone: Part I, meso- and macro-scopic scale

Morley, C.K.; Hagke, Christoph von; Hansberry, Rowan; Collins, Alan S.; Kanitpanyacharoen, Waruntorn; King, Robert G.

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.019

Cited by 66 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 232 publications

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“…In contrast, no significant deformation occurred within the underlying bryozoan-rich limestones (Figures S1a and S1b). We suggest that this strain partitioning was due to the rheological contrast between the competent limestones and the weaker overlying deposits, as commonly observed in shear zones developed along strong rheological contrasts (e.g., Lena et al, 2015;Morley et al, 2017;Tavani & Cifelli, 2010). Shear along the original stratigraphic boundary generated an apparent younger-on-older tectonic contact (Figure 14d).…”

Section: Development Of the Intrawedge Tectonic Mélange In The Mt Mamentioning

confidence: 69%

“…Their deformation can continue at depths exceeding 10 km along the subduction interface, even reaching metamorphic conditions along the subduction channel (e.g., Cowan, ; Fagereng & Cooper, ; Kim et al, ; Kusky et al, ; Mittempergher et al, ; Vannucchi et al, ; Zhang et al, 2015). In addition, tectonic mélanges can develop at the base of thrust sheets within wedge interiors (i.e., intrawedge mélanges, e.g., Festa, Pini, Dilek, & Codegone, ; Festa, Pini, Dilek, Codegone, Vezzani, et al, ; Morley et al, ; Vannucchi & Bettelli, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of an Intrawedge Tectonic Mélange by Out‐of‐Sequence Thrusting, Buttressing, and Intraformational Rheological Contrast, Mt. Massico Ridge, Apennines, Italy

et al. 2019

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The Mt. Massico ridge (central southern Apennines, Italy) is characterized by a ~150‐m‐thick tectonic mélange located at the base of a Tortonian‐lower Messinian heterogeneous clastic succession consisting of layered sandstones, limestones, marls, and claystones with intercalated mass wasting deposits and isolated olistoliths, which deposited above Meso‐Cenozoic limestones. Geological mapping and structural analyses, integrated with illite‐smectite paleothermal indicators and U‐Pb dating of syntectonic calcite veins and slickenfibers, allowed us to unravel (1) the tectonic evolution of the Mt. Massico ridge and (2) the development of the intrawedge tectonic mélange in the framework of the Apennine accretionary wedge evolution. Results show that after thrusting and folding of Meso‐Cenozoic limestones during late Tortonian times (7.0 ± 1.6 Ma), late Messinian‐early Pliocene out‐of‐sequence thrusting (5.1 ± 3.7 Ma) juxtaposed ~3,300‐m‐thick, imbricate thrust sheets above the Tortonian‐lower Messinian clastic succession. During out‐of‐sequence thrusting, the base of the weak clastic deposits acted as a décollement horizon due to the rheological contrast and mechanical buttress with the underlying competent Mesozoic‐Cenozoic limestones. Heterogeneous deformation along the base of the clastic succession was accommodated by ductile pressure solution of claystones and marls, by brittle stratal disruption and fracturing/veining of competent olistoliths and primary foliation (i.e., sandstones and limestones strata), thus leading to the development of a tectonic mélange. The compressional phase was followed by extensional tectonics after the late Pliocene (minimum age 2.9 ± 0.5 Ma). We conclude that out‐of‐sequence thrusting, buttressing, and intraformational rheological contrast can be fundamental factors for the development of intrawedge tectonic mélange.

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Section: Development Of the Intrawedge Tectonic Mélange In The Mt Mamentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Intrawedge Tectonic Mélange by Out‐of‐Sequence Thrusting, Buttressing, and Intraformational Rheological Contrast, Mt. Massico Ridge, Apennines, Italy

et al. 2019

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“…However, recorded production curves of fractured wells typically exhibit a rapid decline within the first few years (Hughes 2013;Wang 2016; Al-Rbeawi 2018) as a result of reservoir depletion and fracture closure due to time-dependent proppant embedment (Sone and Zoback 2014;Wang 2016;Cerasi et al 2017). Fracture closure is influenced by temperature (Johnston 1987;Brantut et al 2013;Masri et al 2014), confining pressure (Niandou et al 1997;Petley 1999;Naumann et al 2007;Kuila et al 2011;Islam and Skalle 2013;Brantut et al 2013), stress conditions (Swan et al 1989;Chong and Boresi 1990;Ibanez and Kronenberg 1993;Kwon and Kronenberg 1994;Brantut et al 2013;Sone and Zoback 2013a;Rybacki et al 2015Rybacki et al , 2017, and mechanical and petrophysical properties (Brantut et al 2013;Rybacki et al 2016;Cerasi et al 2017;Morley et al 2017;Teixeira et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation Experiments on Bowland and Posidonia Shale—Part II: Creep Behavior at In Situ pc–T Conditions

et al. 2019

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To unravel their long-term creep properties at simulated reservoir conditions, we conducted constant stress deformation experiments at elevated confining pressures, p c = 50-115 MPa, and temperatures, T = 75-150 °C, on Posidonia (GER) and Bowland (UK) shale, which exhibit varying petrophysical and mechanical properties. Depending on applied p c-T conditions and sample composition, recorded creep curves exhibit either only a primary (decelerating) or additionally a secondary (quasi-steady state) and a tertiary (accelerating) creep phase during deformation. At high temperature and axial differential stress and low confining pressure, creep strain is enhanced and a transition from primary towards secondary and tertiary creep behavior is observable. Creep strain of Posidonia shale, which is rich in weak constituents (clay, mica, and organic content), is enhanced when compared to creep strain recorded during deformation of either carbonate-or quartz-rich Bowland shale. Electron microscopy observations revealed that creep strain is mainly accommodated by the deformation of weak minerals and local pore space reduction. In addition, microcrack growth occurred during secondary creep. An empirical correlation between creep strain and time based on a power law was used to describe the decelerating creep phase, also accounting for the influence of confining pressure, temperature, and axial differential stress. The results suggest that the primary creep strain can be correlated with mechanical properties determined from short-term constant strain rate experiments such as static Young's modulus and triaxial compressive strength.

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“…However, the production rate of a fractured well typically declines over time (Al-Rbeawi 2018; Wang 2016), due to depletion of the reservoir and possibly due to fracture closure processes (Cerasi et al 2017;Wang 2016). Fracture closure is affected by confining pressure (Niandou et al 1997;Petley 1999;Naumann et al 2007;Kuila et al 2011;Islam and Skalle 2013), temperature (Johnston 1987;Masri et al 2014), non-isostatic stress conditions (Swan et al 1989;Chong and Boresi 1990;Ibanez and Kronenberg 1993;Kwon and Kronenberg 1994;Sone and Zoback 2013a;Rybacki et al 2015Rybacki et al , 2017 and petrophysical and mechanical properties such as mineralogy, porosity, permeability and brittleness of the reservoir rocks (Rybacki et al 2016;Morley et al 2017;Li et al 2017;Teixeira et al 2017;Cerasi et al 2017). Therefore, knowledge of the geomechanical behavior of shale rocks with respect to the above-mentioned parameters is important to better understand their fracture closure behavior (Morley et al 2017;Ilgen et al 2017;Kikumoto et al 2017;Li et al 2017;Cerasi et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation Experiments on Bowland and Posidonia Shale—Part I: Strength and Young’s Modulus at Ambient and In Situ pc–T Conditions

et al. 2018

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The production of hydrocarbons from unconventional reservoirs, like tight shale plays, increased tremendously over the past decade. Hydraulic fracturing is a commonly applied method to increase the productivity of a well drilled in these reservoirs. Unfortunately, the production rate decreases over time presumably due to fracture closure. The fracture closure rate induced by proppant crushing and embedment depends on mechanical properties of shales and proppants that are influenced by confining pressure (p c), temperature (T), and shale composition. We performed constant strain rate deformation tests at ambient and in situ conditions of a typical shale reservoir (p c ≤ 100 MPa, T ≤ 125 °C) using European shale samples exhibiting variable mineralogy, porosity and maturity. We focused on a comparison of Posidonia shale with Bowland shale, which is believed to be the most prospective shale formation in the United Kingdom. Compression tests were performed perpendicular to bedding orientation. Stress-strain curves show that Bowland shales are relatively strong and brittle compared to Posidonia shale which display semibrittle deformation behavior. Brittleness estimated from elastic properties is in good agreement with the recorded stress-strain behavior but shows no clear relation to composition. Compressive strengths (σ UCS = uniaxial compressive strength, σ TCS = triaxial compressive strength) and static Young's moduli, E, reveal a strong confining pressure and mineralogy dependence, whereas temperature and strain rate only have a minor influence on σ TCS and E. The coefficient of internal friction for both shales is ≈ 0.42 ± 0.03. With increasing amount of weak minerals (e.g., clay, mica) σ UCS , σ TCS and E strongly decrease. This may be related to a shift from deformation supported by a load-bearing framework of hard minerals to deformation of interconnected weak minerals at about 25-30 vol% of weak phases. At the applied conditions, the triaxial compressive strength and Young's moduli of most shales deformed normal to bedding are close to the Reuss bound. To our knowledge, this is the first study, which presents results of experimental investigations carried out to characterize the mechanical behavior of Bowland shale. The observed results are helpful to estimate the potential of the Bowland reservoir with respect to the economical extraction of hydrocarbons. Keywords Shale • Compressive strength • Young's modulus • Brittleness • Effective medium theories • P c-T conditions List of Symbols ϕ Porosity ρ Density p c Confining pressure T Temperature T a Absolute temperature σ UCS Uniaxial compressive strength σ TCS Triaxial compressive strength E Static Young's moduluṡ Strain rate ε max Maximum axial strain before failure of specimen µ i Coefficient of internal friction M Specific mechanical property (e.g., triaxial compressive strength, Young's modulus) f Volumetric fraction J Scaling parameter K Bulk modulus µ Shear modulus B min Brittleness determined from mineralogy B E Brittleness determined from Young's modulu...

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Review of major shale-dominated detachment and thrust characteristics in the diagenetic zone: Part I, meso- and macro-scopic scale

Cited by 66 publications

References 232 publications

Development of an Intrawedge Tectonic Mélange by Out‐of‐Sequence Thrusting, Buttressing, and Intraformational Rheological Contrast, Mt. Massico Ridge, Apennines, Italy

Development of an Intrawedge Tectonic Mélange by Out‐of‐Sequence Thrusting, Buttressing, and Intraformational Rheological Contrast, Mt. Massico Ridge, Apennines, Italy

Deformation Experiments on Bowland and Posidonia Shale—Part II: Creep Behavior at In Situ pc–T Conditions

Deformation Experiments on Bowland and Posidonia Shale—Part I: Strength and Young’s Modulus at Ambient and In Situ pc–T Conditions

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