Review of Localization and Clustering in USV and AUV for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Oceanographic data collection, disaster prevention, aided navigation, critical observation sub-missions, contaminant screening, and seaward scanning are just a few of the submissions that use underwater sensor hubs. Unmanned submerged vehicles (USVs) or autonomous acoustic underwater vehicles (AUVs) through sensors would similarly be able to explore unique underwater resources and gather data when utilized in conjunction with integrated screen operations. The most advanced technological method of oceanic observation is wireless information routing beneath the ocean or generally underwater. Water bottoms are typically observed using oceanographic sensors that collect data at certain ocean zones. Most research on UWSNs focuses on physical levels, even though the localization level, such as guiding processes, is a more recent zone. Analyzing the presenting metrics of the current direction conventions for UWSNs is crucial for considering additional enhancements in a procedure employing underwater wireless sensor networks for locating sensors (UWSNs). Due to their severely constrained propagation, radio frequency (RF) transmissions are inappropriate for underwater environments. This makes it difficult to maintain network connectivity and localization. This provided a plan for employing adequate reliability and improved communication and is used to locate the node exactly using a variety of methods. In order to minimize inaccuracies, specific techniques are utilized to calculate the distance to the destination. It has a variety of qualities, such as limited bandwidth, high latency, low energy, and a high error probability. Both nodes enable technical professionals stationed on land to communicate data from the chosen oceanic zones rapidly. This study investigates the significance, uses, network architecture, requirements, and difficulties of undersea sensors.

Enhancement of Precise Underwater Object Localization

“…The physical parameters under which underwater acoustic channels operate are often considered to impose severe bandwidth constraints. Similarly, optical signals are attenuated and dispersed significantly in aquatic environments (J. Luo et al., 2018; Sathish, Hamdi, Chinthaginjala, Pau, et al., 2023; Sathish, Hamdi, Chinthaginjala Venkata, Alibakhshikenari, et al., 2023; Sathish, Ravikumar, et al., 2023; J. Yang et al., 2015). As a result, neither of these techniques is appropriate for application in submerged environments.…”

“…In the field of UWSNs, there has recently been a surge in the amount of interest in using distributed antenna systems to connect to wireless communication networks. In a WSN, individual antennas are dispersed and connected by UWANs, an external connection that connects sensor nodes via radio (Carroll et al., 2014; Sathish, Hamdi, Chinthaginjala, Pau, et al., 2023; Sathish, Hamdi, Chinthaginjala Venkata, Alibakhshikenari, et al., 2023; Sathish, Ravikumar, et al., 2023). Two or more of the internal sensor components of a sub‐merged or acoustically isolated by cluster and cluster head sensors followed by sink and base station, as shown in Figure 2.…”

“…This goal can be accomplished through the use of specialized software. Because it is impossible to save all of the data under these circumstances, the data must be processed as quickly as possible (Mahmood et al., 2013; Sathish, Hamdi, Chinthaginjala Venkata, Alibakhshikenari, et al., 2023; Sathish, Ravikumar, et al., 2023). Processing high‐velocity data at a higher rate is therefore required for data mining.…”

UASN‐3D: An energy efficient localization based on LEACH‐BR algorithm (EELBL‐BR)

“…The various real-time applications for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) include the exploration of natural resources, the monitoring of pollution occurring due to plastic waste and acidification, calculating the location for border naval force battles, mine detection, disaster avoidance, surveillance, reconnaissance, and target tracking. [1][2][3][4] The primary barriers to UASN's applicability are its limited processing power, memory, and communication range computation, accurate deployment of nodes in three dimensions, scalability, connection latency, and link dependability 1,5,6 as shown in Figure 1. The sensor nodes in UASN are deployed in underwater environments such as the sea where the sensor nodes are positioned in an unattended and hostile environment.…”

“…The underwater acoustic sensor network comprises numerous autonomous sensor nodes that gather, store, and transmit messages to the base station via acoustic and radio links. The various real‐time applications for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) include the exploration of natural resources, the monitoring of pollution occurring due to plastic waste and acidification, calculating the location for border naval force battles, mine detection, disaster avoidance, surveillance, reconnaissance, and target tracking 1‐4 . The primary barriers to UASN's applicability are its limited processing power, memory, and communication range computation, accurate deployment of nodes in three dimensions, scalability, connection latency, and link dependability 1,5,6 as shown in Figure 1.…”