Review of layer-by-layer self-assembly technology for fire protection of flexible polyurethane foam

Liu, Quanyi; Gao, Shansong; Zhao, Yang; Wan, Tao; Yu, Xingke; Zhi, Maoyong

doi:10.1007/s10853-021-05904-3

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Currently, the most common method of reducing the flammability of PUR materials is the addition of additive flame retardants during synthesis [ 2 , 10 ]. Organic nitrogen compounds, organic phosphorus compounds such as phosphates, phosphonates, phosphites, and others are widely used flame retardants [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. These compounds can act effectively in the gas phase as radical scavengers and in the condensed phase, creating a charred layer on the polymer surface, which reduces the flow of heat and gas products of thermal decomposition of the material [ 4 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with Phosphorus Flame Retardants

2021

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Rigid polyurethane foams (RPURF) containing a bio-polyol from rapeseed oil and different phosphorus-based flame retardants were obtained. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), dimethyl propane phosphonate (DMPP) and cyclic phosphonates Addforce CT 901 (20 parts per hundred polyol by weight) were used in the synthesis of RPURF. The influence of used flame retardants on foaming process, cell structure, and physical–mechanical properties as well as flammability of RPURF were examined. The addition of flame retardants influenced the parameters of the cellular structure and decreased compressive strength. All obtained foam materials had a low thermal conductivity coefficient, which allows them to be used as thermal insulation. The research results of bio-based RPURF were compared with foams obtained without bio-polyol. All modified materials had an oxygen index above 21 vol%; therefore, they can be classified as self-extinguishing materials. The analysis of parameters obtained after the cone calorimeter test showed that the modified RPURF have a lower tendency to fire development compared to the reference foams, which was particularly noticeable for the materials with the addition of DMPP.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with Phosphorus Flame Retardants

2021

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“…Moreover, the clay layer may be introduced into an additional layer, resulting in trilayer coatings. Generally, the LbL assembly approach gives numerous possibilities for potential coatings, e.g., by adjusting polymers and clay concentrations or applying different amounts of bi-or trilayers [190].…”

Section: Clay-based Coatings For Polyurethane Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, an excellent review work summarizing the advances in applications of layer-by-layer assembly technology in reducing polyurethane foams' flammability was recently published by Liu et al [190].…”

Section: Coating Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clays as Inhibitors of Polyurethane Foams’ Flammability

Hejna

2021

Materials

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Polyurethanes are a very important group of polymers with an extensive range of applications in different branches of industry. In the form of foams, they are mainly used in bedding, furniture, building, construction, and automotive sectors. Due to human safety reasons, these applications require an appropriate level of flame retardance, often required by various law regulations. Nevertheless, without the proper modifications, polyurethane foams are easily ignitable, highly flammable, and generate an enormous amount of smoke during combustion. Therefore, proper modifications or additives should be introduced to reduce their flammability. Except for the most popular phosphorus-, halogen-, or nitrogen-containing flame retardants, promising results were noted for the application of clays. Due to their small particle size and flake-like shape, they induce a “labyrinth effect” inside the foam, resulting in the delay of decomposition onset, reduction of smoke generation, and inhibition of heat, gas, and mass transfer. Moreover, clays can be easily modified with different organic compounds or used along with conventional flame retardants. Such an approach may often result in the synergy effect, which provides the exceptional reduction of foams’ flammability. This paper summarizes the literature reports related to the applications of clays in the reduction of polyurethane foams’ flammability, either by their incorporation as a nanofiller or by preparation of coatings.

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“…To enhance the efficiency of coatings, the combination of flame-retardant systems will be a reasonable way to increase the flame-retardant performance owing to the synergetic effect of flame retardants and may be suitable for coated fabrics . The step-by-step method possesses the potential to fabricate the fire protective layers with high efficiency and low thickness …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrathin MXene/Polymer Coatings with an Alternating Structure on Fabrics for Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Fire-Resistant Protective Performances

Lan

Jia

Qiu

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Wearable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding fabrics are highly desirable with the rapid development of electronic devices and wireless communications where electromagnetic pollution is a great concern for human health and the reliability of precision equipment. The balance between EMI shielding efficiency (SE) and the flexibility of fabric is still challenging because of the generally opposite requirements for coating thickness. In this work, MXene/insulative polymer coating with an alternating structure is fabricated via a stepwise assembly technique to judiciously combine excellent shielding elements, a reasonable structure, and high nanofiller content together in the coating. Owing to this novel strategy, the coating with nanoscale thickness (∼500 nm) has realized the commercial requirement for EMI SE and well retained the flexibility and air permeability of the fabric. Compared with the corresponding pure MXene coating, such multilayered coating demonstrates 138.95% enhancement of EMI SE due to the improved dielectrical properties and intensive multiple reflections of electromagnetic waves. Additionally, this hybrid coating also acts as an excellent fire-resistant barrier for the inner flammable fabric to protect human beings and electronic devices in case of accidental fire. This work provides new insights into the rational design of shields with nanometer thickness to realize high EMI shielding performance and good fire resistance for newgeneration portable and wearable EMI shielding products.

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Review of layer-by-layer self-assembly technology for fire protection of flexible polyurethane foam

Cited by 33 publications

References 115 publications

Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with Phosphorus Flame Retardants

Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with Phosphorus Flame Retardants

Clays as Inhibitors of Polyurethane Foams’ Flammability

Ultrathin MXene/Polymer Coatings with an Alternating Structure on Fabrics for Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Fire-Resistant Protective Performances

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