Review of Importance of Weather and Environmental Variables in Agent-Based Arbovirus Models

Pascoe, Luba; Clemen, Thomas; Bradshaw, Karen; Nyambo, Devotha G.

doi:10.3390/ijerph192315578

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(213 reference statements)

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“…Te predominant vector for malaria in South Africa is the Anopheles mosquito [23], which uses stagnant water sources like ponds, puddles, and irrigated felds to create the ideal breeding ground [24,25]. Given the variations in breeding preferences among Anopheles mosquitoes, their prevalence and distribution are infuenced by numerous factors such as rainfall patterns, temperature, soil characteristics, vegetation cover [26], and human activities (e.g., deforestation and migration) [27]. Areas with higher vector populations are at a greater risk of malaria transmission, especially when combined with other factors such as the presence of infected individuals and inadequate protective measures [24].…”

Section: Factors Influencing the Transmission Of Malaria In South Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Malaria Burden: A South African Perspective

Balmith,

Basson,

Brand

2024

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Malaria is a deadly disease caused by protozoan pathogens of the Plasmodium parasite. Transmission to humans occurs through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 247 million cases of malaria were recorded worldwide in 2021, with approximately 619 000 malaria deaths. The initial signs of malaria can be mild and challenging to diagnose due to the signs and symptoms being similar to those of other illnesses. The malaria burden remains largely concentrated in the WHO sub-Saharan African region and has been recognised as a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality. This review aims to contribute to the existing knowledge on malaria in South Africa, a region within sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on the epidemiology and life cycle of the malaria parasite as well as diagnostic approaches for detecting malaria. In addition, nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions for treating and preventing malaria infections will also be discussed herein. While there has been a significant reduction in the global burden of this disease, malaria remains a public health issue in South Africa. As such, the implementation of effective preventative measures and strategies, early diagnosis, and appropriate treatment regimens are crucial to reducing the malaria burden in South Africa.

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Section: Factors Influencing the Transmission Of Malaria In South Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Malaria Burden: A South African Perspective

Balmith,

Basson,

Brand

2024

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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“…Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management. 107 Anthelmintic resistance has become a concern in Cooperia spp control. Rotation of different anthelmintic classes and the use of combination therapies are recommended to mitigate resistance development.…”

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confidence: 99%

Eukaryotic Infections in Dairy Calves: Impacts, Diagnosis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control

Robi,

Mossie,

Temteme

2023

VMRR

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Eukaryotic infections are common among dairy calves and can have significant impacts on their health and growth rates. Fungal infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton verrucosum , and Candida albicans can cause respiratory diseases, dermatophytosis, and diarrhea, respectively. Protozoan parasites, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis , and Eimeria spp ., are also common in dairy calves. C. parvum is highly contagious and can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration, while Giardia duodenalis can lead to poor growth and is transmissible to humans through contaminated food or water. Eimeria spp . can cause coccidiosis and lead to reduced growth rates, poor feed conversion, and death. The common helminthic infections in dairy calves include Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia spp., Fasciola hepatica , and Strongyloides papillosus . These parasitic infections significantly impact calf health, growth, and dairy industry productivity. Diagnosis of these infections can be made through fecal samples using microscopy or molecular methods. However, diagnosis of the infections can be challenging and requires a combination of clinical signs and laboratory tests such as culture and PCR. Preventing and controlling eukaryotic infections in dairy calves requires several measures. Good hygiene and sanitation practices, proper management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are important. It is also necessary to avoid overcrowding and consider vaccination against ringworm. Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiology and characterization of eukaryotic infections in dairy calves, which will help in the development of more effective prevention and control strategies. In general, good hygiene practices, appropriate management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are crucial in preventing and controlling the infections, ensuring the health and well-being of dairy calves.

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Current Status of Malaria Control and Elimination in Africa: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, Progress and Challenges

Li,

Docile,

Fisher

et al. 2024

J Epidemiol Glob Health

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The African continent carries the greatest malaria burden in the world. Falciparum malaria especially has long been the leading cause of death in Africa. Climate, economic factors, geographical location, human intervention and unstable security are factors influencing malaria transmission. Due to repeated infections and early interventions, the proportion of clinically atypical malaria or asymptomatic plasmodium carriers has increased significantly, which easily lead to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. African countries have made certain progress in malaria control and elimination, including rapid diagnosis of malaria, promotion of mosquito nets and insecticides, intermittent prophylactic treatment in high-risk groups, artemisinin based combination therapies, and the development of vaccines. Between 2000 and 2022, there has been a 40% decrease in malaria incidence and a 60% reduction in mortality rate in the WHO African Region. However, many challenges are emerging in the fight against malaria in Africa, such as climate change, poverty, substandard health services and coverage, increased outdoor transmission and the emergence of new vectors, and the growing threat of resistance to antimalarial drugs and insecticides. Joint prevention and treatment, identifying molecular determinants of resistance, new drug development, expanding seasonal malaria chemo-prevention intervention population, and promoting the vaccination of RTS, S/AS01 and R21/Matrix-M may help to solve the dilemma. China’s experience in eliminating malaria is conducive to Africa’s malaria prevention and control, and China-Africa cooperation needs to be constantly deepened and advanced. Our review aims to help the global public develop a comprehensive understanding of malaria in Africa, thereby contributing to malaria control and elimination.

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Review of Importance of Weather and Environmental Variables in Agent-Based Arbovirus Models

Cited by 9 publications

References 83 publications

The Malaria Burden: A South African Perspective

The Malaria Burden: A South African Perspective

Eukaryotic Infections in Dairy Calves: Impacts, Diagnosis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control

Current Status of Malaria Control and Elimination in Africa: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, Progress and Challenges

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