Review of hydrogen production using chemical-looping technology

Coke formation and deactivation during catalytic reforming of biomass and waste pyrolysis products: A review

“…H2 plays an important role as feedstock, with a world market greater than 35 million euros, distributed in the following sectors [8]: ammonia production for the fertilizer industry (51 wt%), refining (hydrotreating and hydrocracking) of petroleum fractions (31 wt%), methanol synthesis (10 wt%) and applications in food industry, electronic industry and metallurgic industry, among others (8 wt%). The world H2 consumption at the beginning of the current decade (400-500·10 9 Nm 3 ) corresponds to the 3 % of the total energy consumption, and an annual increase of 5-10 % is expected, mainly due to the future H2 market as a sustainable energy source [9,10]. Whereas in 2008 the 80 % of the total energy consumption (500 EJ) came from fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas and carbon), in 2050 the fossil fuel consumption is estimated to be the 40 %, together with a 30 % for H2, for a total consumption of 1000 EJ [11].…”

“…The most common catalytic thermochemical process intended for H2 production from hydrocarbons (CaHb, such as plastic wastes) and oxygenated hydrocarbons (CnHmOk, such as biomass-derived compounds) is the reforming process [9,26,27]. This may be conducted under several operating conditions, the most extensively studied being that performed with steam cofeeding, namely steam reforming, since it gives the maximum theoretical yield of hydrogen and is responsible for 78 % of the world H2 production [11].…”

Research advances towards large-scale solar hydrogen production from water

“…184 The solar reactor design could be potentially adapted from the reactor systems proposed for chemical looping hydrogen production, driven by solar heat instead, which have been previously summarised. [223][224] the key system requirements towards large-scale hydrogen production are efficiency, stability and scalability ( Figure 22). Beginning with the discovery of TiO2 photoelectrodes for water splitting reported in 1972, 225 to date there is no PEC device that satisfies all these key requirements although absorbers, catalysts and membranes exist that are individually efficient, robust and scalable.…”

Spinel Mixed Oxides for Chemical-Loop Reforming: From Solid State to Potential Application

“…Usually the later processes need several oxidation steps, like an air treatment, which sometimes is required for the final regeneration of the oxygen carrier material [44]. Several indepth reviews [45][46][47] summarize information on the existing chemical-looping processes aligned to produce high purity hydrogen, and offer both the use of renewable and CO 2 -neutral feedstocks, as well as efficient CO 2 sequestration capabilities [46]. CLR for hydrogen generation is developed as an alternative way to produce H 2 starting from either conventional or renewable sources.…”