Review of human papillomavirus (HPV) burden and HPV vaccination for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men and transgender women in the United States

Predictors of Anal High-Risk HPV Infection Across Time in a Cohort of Young Adult Sexual Minority Men and Transgender Women in New York City, 2015–2020

“…Our sample included a majority of participants who, despite their year of birth and the availability of the first generation quadrivalent HPV vaccine for adolescents assigned male at birth in 2009, were either unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated for HPV, consistent with the findings of other studies in this population ( Bednarczyk et al, 2017 ; Gorbach et al, 2017 ; Halkitis et al, 2019 ; Loretan et al., 2019 ; McClung et al, 2020 ; Meites et al, 2022 ; Reiter et al, 2015 ; Singh et al, 2019 ). These data however are limited by the self-reported nature of this variable; though other studies have demonstrated the accuracy of self-reported HPV vaccination status ( Oliveira et al, 2020 ; Thomas et al, 2018 ), we noted that many participants reported their vaccination status inconsistently across the three study visits.…”

“…Although we did not detect an association between vaccination and hrHPV infection, the lack of vaccine initiation and completion continues to create a risk state for SMM and TW across their sexual lifespans. Low rates of vaccination among SMM and TW may be attributed to population-specific factors such as limited knowledge within the community; limited communication from health care providers about sexual behaviors, sexual orientation, and HPV vaccination; and low perceived threat of HPV, including gendered misconceptions about HPV risk ( Gerend et al, 2019 ; Jaiswal et al., 2020 ; Meites et al., 2022 ; Nadarzynski et al, 2014 ; Wheldon et al, 2018 ), alongside overall lagging rates of vaccination among people assigned male at birth ( Chen et al, 2021 ; Preston & Darrow, 2019 ). Efforts to vaccinate members of this population must be ongoing, especially in light of the upper age range being expanded to 45 (with shared clinical decision-making) and findings that a two-dose series of the nonavalent HPV vaccine can confer sufficient protection if initiated at an early age, prior to 15 ( Meites et al, 2019 ).…”

Knowledge of human papillomavirus vaccination: A multi-institution, cross-sectional study of allopathic and osteopathic medical students

“…In our study, two-thirds of students linked HPV to vaginal/vulvar cancers, whereas just over half linked HPV to penile cancers. This suggests difficulty identifying HPV-related cancers in the male genital tract that both reflects the predominant societal narrative that so closely links HPV to women’s health and suggests need for concentrated educational efforts that focus specifically on HPV and anal/penile cancers [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Analytical and Preformulation Characterization Studies of Human Papillomavirus Virus-Like Particles to Enable Quadrivalent Multi-Dose Vaccine Formulation Development

“…1 HPV6 and HPV11 are the most common low-risk serotypes (>90% of anogenital warts cases), 1 while HPV16 and HPV18 are the most common high-risk serotypes (~66% of cervical cancer cases). 2 The first HPV vaccine was approved by the FDA in 2006 (Gardasil®), 2 which is comprised of four different HPV Virus Like-Particles (VLPs) containing the L1 capsid protein from HPV serotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18, respectively. 1 The L1 protein spontaneously self-assembles into VLPs when recombinantly expressed in a suitable expression system.…”

“…1 The L1 protein spontaneously self-assembles into VLPs when recombinantly expressed in a suitable expression system. 1,2 VLPs are multimeric protein structures that structurally resemble native virions but lack the viral genetic material, yielding vaccine antigens that are safe and highly immunogenic. 3 HPV vaccine formulations contain additional components, including excipients (to maintain stability and tonicity) and adjuvants (to enhance the immune response).…”