Review of glucose oxidase as a feed additive: production, engineering, applications, growth-promoting mechanisms, and outlook

Chen

et al. 2022

IJMS

Glucose oxidase, which uses molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor to specifically catalyze the conversion of β-d-glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), has been considered an important enzyme in increasing environmental sustainability and food security. However, achieving the high yield, low price and high activity required for commercial viability remains challenging. In this review, we first present a brief introduction, looking at the sources, characteristics, catalytic process, and applications of glucose oxidase. Then, the predictive structures of glucose oxidase from two different sources are comparatively discussed. We summarize the inhibitors of glucose oxidase. Finally, we highlight how the production of glucose oxidase can be improved by optimizing the culture conditions and microbial metabolic engineering.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Structures, Inhibitors, and Improvement Strategies of Glucose Oxidase

Chen

et al. 2022

IJMS

“…There are a few reports on the main site of GOD's action in the intestinal segments. To the best of our knowledge, these reports include its biochemical features of oxygen consumption, gluconic acid production, and negative effects on certain pathogenic bacteria in broilers' gut (Liang et al, 2022). Therefore, to better understand and complement the current mechanism of GOD supplement in broilers and to evaluate its application effects at different concentrations, shifts in the cecal microbiota among five groups were observed in this study.…”

Section: Intestinal Microbiota Comparison In the Cecal Contents And T...mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The GOD-catalyzed glucose products can act on the gut of broilers, gluconic acid can produce the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and further create a weakly acidic intestinal tract environment (Mortensen et al, 1988;Biagi et al, 2006), and hydrogen peroxide can participate in the oxidative stress response and regulate gut microbiota through its bactericidal and antimicrobial properties (Vatansever et al, 2013;Belambri et al, 2018). Though some researchers recently elucidated the effects of GOD with a sequencing-based technique (Wu et al, 2020;Meng et al, 2021), it is still ambiguous how GOD improves gut health and immunity function and why antibiotics can be replaced by it in broiler production (Liang et al, 2022). Some voids, such as how the additive, defense function, and growth performance interact with each other, still remain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose oxidase as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters improves the immunity function, antioxidative status, and cecal microbiota environment in white-feathered broilers

et al. 2023

This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of glucose oxidase (GOD) on broilers as a potential antibiotic substitute. A total of four hundred twenty 1-day-old male Cobb500 broilers were randomly assigned into five dietary treatments, each with six replicates (12 chicks per replicate). The treatments included two control groups (a basal diet and a basal diet with 50 mg/kg aureomycin) and three GOD-additive groups involving three different concentrations of GOD. Analysis after the t-test showed that, on day 21, the feed:gain ratio significantly decreased in the 1,200 U/kg GOD-supplied group (GOD1200) compared to the antibiotic group (Ant). The same effect was also observed in GOD1200 during days 22–42 and in the 600 U/kg GOD-supplied group (GOD600) when compared to the control group (Ctr). The serum tests indicated that, on day 21, the TGF-β cytokine was significantly decreased in both GOD600 and GOD1200 when compared with Ctr. A decrease in malondialdehyde and an increase in superoxide dismutase in GOD1200 were observed, which is similar to the effects seen in Ant. On day 42, the D-lactate and glutathione peroxidase activity changed remarkably in GOD1200 and surpassed Ant. Furthermore, GOD upregulated the expression of the jejunal barrier genes (MUC-2 and ZO-1) in two phases relative to Ctr. In the aureomycin-supplied group, the secretory immunoglobulin A significantly decreased in the jejunum at 42 days. Changes in microbial genera were also discovered in the cecum by sequencing 16S rRNA genes at 42 days. The biomarkers for GOD supplementation were identified as Colidextribacter, Oscillibacter, Flavonifractor, Oscillospira, and Shuttleworthia. Except for Shuttleworthia, all the abovementioned genera were n-butyrate producers known for imparting their various benefits to broilers. The PICRUSt prediction of microbial communities revealed 11 pathways that were enriched in both the control and GOD-supplied groups. GOD1200 accounted for an increased number of metabolic pathways, demonstrating their potential in aiding nutrient absorption and digestion. In conclusion, a diet containing GOD can be beneficial to broiler health, particularly at a GOD concentration of 1,200 U/kg. The improved feed conversion ratio, immunity, antioxidative capacity, and intestinal condition demonstrated that GOD could be a valuable alternative to antibiotics in broiler breeding.

“…In the presence of oxygen, GOx catalyzes the oxidation of D-glucose to D-glucono-δ-lactone and hydrogen peroxide. In turn, D-glucono-δ-lactone is further spontaneously hydrolyzed to D-gluconic acid [ 52 , 53 , 54 ]. D-gluconic acid and its derivatives are widely utilized in the food, pharmaceutical, textile, and construction industries [ 55 , 56 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Nanoparticle Support with an Ultra-Thin Chitosan Layer Preserves the Catalytic Activity of the Immobilized Glucose Oxidase

Tikhonov,

Lisichkin,

Sulman

et al. 2024

Nanomaterials

Here, we developed magnetically recoverable biocatalysts based on magnetite nanoparticles coated with an ultra-thin layer (about 0.9 nm) of chitosan (CS) ionically cross-linked by sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). Excessive CS amounts were removed by multiple washings combined with magnetic separation. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was attached to the magnetic support via the interaction with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) in the presence of carbodiimide (EDC) leading to a covalent amide bond. These steps result in the formation of the biocatalyst for D-glucose oxidation to D-gluconic acid to be used in the preparation of pharmaceuticals due to the benign character of the biocatalyst components. To choose the catalyst with the best catalytic performance, the amounts of CS, TPP, NHS, EDC, and GOx were varied. The optimal biocatalyst allowed for 100% relative catalytic activity. The immobilization of GOx and the magnetic character of the support prevents GOx and biocatalyst loss and allows for repeated use.