Review of generic screening level assumptions for quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for estimating public health risks from Australian drinking water sources contaminated with Cryptosporidium by recreational activities

Ryan, Una; Hill, Kelly; Deere, Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2022.118659

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…In Australia, a review between 2001 and 2007 of waterborne outbreaks identified 78% attributed to recreational water, 98% of them caused by Cryptosporidium (Dale et al ., 2010 ). Recreational water-associated outbreaks worldwide have predominantly been caused by C. hominis (Causer et al ., 2006 ; Cope et al ., 2015 ; Chalmers et al ., 2019 ; Zahedi and Ryan, 2020 ; Ryan et al ., 2022 ). For instance, C. hominis is responsible for all recreational water-associated outbreaks in Australia and, similarly to the UK and NZ, it has been found to have a higher infectivity for humans than C. parvum (Ryan et al ., 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review and analysis of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in New Zealand

García–R

Hayman

2023

Parasitology

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Cryptosporidium is a leading global cause of diarrhoea with many reported outbreaks related to water and zoonotic transmission. This study summarizes data from Public Health Surveillance reports since 2010 in New Zealand to describe exposures associated with human diarrhoea outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium. We also investigate the species and subtypes of cases involved in outbreaks to elucidate transmission routes and the predominant aetiological agents of cryptosporidiosis. For the period 2010-2017, 318 cryptosporidiosis outbreaks were reported in New Zealand resulting in 1,634 cases and 20 hospitalisations. The most important mode of transmission was person-to-person (primary infections and secondary or close contacts infections), relating to 260 outbreaks and 1,320 cases, followed by 113 outbreaks associated with animals, resulting in 436 human cases. From 2018 to 2021 there were 37 cryptosporidiosis outbreaks associated with 324 cases. We identified the subtypes by using PCR targeting the gp60 gene and the likelihood of mixed infections with the TIDE algorithm. Subtype families Ib and Ig of C. hominis and IIa and IId of C. parvum were found among cases, however, C. hominis subtypes occurred in eight of the 11 outbreaks reviewed where molecular data was available. Examination of the chromatograms showed no mixed infections in the samples assessed. To better understand the epidemiology, sources, transmission and extent of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in New Zealand, subtyping data needs to be routinely incorporated into national surveillance programmes. Our study highlights the value of integrating epidemiology information and molecular typing to investigate and manage clusters of cryptosporidiosis cases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review and analysis of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in New Zealand

García–R

Hayman

2023

Parasitology

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“…Based on the evidence highlighted in this review, Table 1 lists proposed assumptions to assist QMRA to assess risks to drinking water consumers from NoV associated with recreation within drinking water sources to provide a knowledge base to support QMRA for viral contamination. A separate review has provided similar assumptions for the assessment of risk from protozoan pathogens (Ryan & Deere 2022).…”

Section: Risk Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recommended starting point for screening-level QMRA for determining the public health risk due to contamination of drinking water catchments with waterborne viruses due to body-contact recreation in source water (modified fromRyan & Deere 2022) …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current assumptions for quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of Norovirus contamination of drinking water catchments due to recreational activities: an update

Deere

Ryan

2022

Journal of Water and Health

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Contamination of drinking water from Norovirus (NoV) and other waterborne viruses is a major public health concern globally. Increasingly, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is being used to assess the various risks from waterborne pathogens and evaluate control strategies. As urban populations grow and expand, there is increasing demand for recreational activities in drinking water catchments. QMRA relies on context-specific data to map out the pathways by which viruses can enter water and be transferred to drinking water consumers and identify risk factors and appropriate controls. This review examines the current evidence base and assumptions for QMRA analysis of NoV and other waterborne viral pathogens and recommends numerical values based on the most recent evidence to better understand the health risks associated with recreators in Australian drinking water sources; these are broadly applicable to all drinking water sources where recreational access is allowed. Key issues include the lack of an agreed upon data and dose-response models for human infectious NoV genotypes, faecal shedding by bathers, the extent of NoV infectivity and aggregation, resistance (secretor status) to NoV and the extent of secondary transmission.

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“…The clinical manifestations include diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, general malaise, and malnutrition. Chronic diarrhea in HIV patients is recognized as a classical clinical manifestation, and severe dehydration, weight loss, and malnutrition that can lead to death have been observed [ 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive Peptides against Human Apicomplexan Parasites

et al. 2022

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Apicomplexan parasites are the causal agents of different medically important diseases, such as toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, and malaria. Toxoplasmosis is considered a neglected parasitosis, even though it can cause severe cerebral complications and death in immunocompromised patients, including children and pregnant women. Drugs against Toxoplasma gondii, the etiological agent of toxoplasmosis, are highly toxic and lack efficacy in eradicating tissue cysts, promoting the establishment of latent infection and acute relapsing disease. Cryptosporidiosis has been recognized as the most frequent waterborne parasitosis in US outbreaks; anti-cryptosporidium drug discovery still faces a major obstacle: drugs that can act on the epicellular parasite. Severe malaria is most commonly caused by the progression of infection with Plasmodium falciparum. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of antimalarial drugs and vaccines, although the resistance of P. falciparum to artemisinin has recently gained a foothold in Africa. As seen, the search for new drugs against these parasites remains a challenge. Peptide-based drugs seem to be attractive alternative therapeutic agents recently recognized by the pharmaceutical industry, as they can kill different infectious agents and modulate the immune response. A review of the experimental effects of bioactive peptides on these parasites follows, along with comments. In addition, some biological and metabolomic generalities of the parasites are reviewed to elucidate peptide mechanisms of action on Apicomplexan targets.

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Review of generic screening level assumptions for quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for estimating public health risks from Australian drinking water sources contaminated with Cryptosporidium by recreational activities

Cited by 10 publications

References 147 publications

A review and analysis of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in New Zealand

A review and analysis of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in New Zealand

Current assumptions for quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of Norovirus contamination of drinking water catchments due to recreational activities: an update

Bioactive Peptides against Human Apicomplexan Parasites

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