Review of Endogenous Endophthalmitis Caused bySalmonellaSpecies Including Delayed OnsetSalmonella TyphiEndophthalmitis

Abstract

Endogenous endophthalmitis is a rare but serious condition that occurs when bacteria cross the blood-ocular barrier and multiply within the eye. We provide a literature review of Salmonella endogenous endophthalmitis by reviewing eight reported cases and integrating this with our experience of one case in which a four-year-old child presented with acute endophthalmitis of four days duration. He had suffered typhoid fever two months back. Vitreous biopsy revealed Salmonella typhi. Despite aggressive surgical and medical treatment, the eye developed retinal necrosis, detachment, and phthisis. Blood, aqueous, and vitreous cultures were the most frequent means of establishing the diagnosis in the reported cases. The visual outcome in most cases of endogenous Salmonella endophthalmitis is blindness in the affected eye, which has not improved since its first report in 1979. Endogenous endophthalmitis due to Salmonella typhi should be incorporated into standard literature on complications of acute and relapse phases of typhoid fever.

A case of vasculitis, retinitis and macular neurosensory detachment presenting post typhoid fever

“…Hersing and Duke-Elders [1] reported typhoid-related uveal complications including iritis, retinal hemorrhage, choroiditis, endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis. Our group published [2],[3] late-onset endogenous endophthalmitis post typhoid fever resolution. In this manuscript we report a patient who presented with retinitis and had a history of typhoid fever, beginning 6 weeks prior to presentation.…”

Salmonella infantis ulcerative keratitis in a dog

“…Salmonella-associated endophthalmitis is associated with a poor outcome, with all reported cases progressing to complete vision loss, and many cases requiring enucleation or evisceration. 15,16 In human medicine, studies have shown that the repeated use of topical antibiotics significantly alters the composition of the normal ocular flora and potentially allows for the colonization of other opportunistic and more virulent pathogens. 17 Following phacoemulsification, the dog was treated with topical ofloxacin due to its broad spectrum coverage and its ability to penetrate an intact corneal epithelial layer.…”

“…Endogenous endophthalmitis is a rarely reported complication of Salmonella infections in humans. Salmonella ‐associated endophthalmitis is associated with a poor outcome, with all reported cases progressing to complete vision loss, and many cases requiring enucleation or evisceration 15,16 . In human medicine, studies have shown that the repeated use of topical antibiotics significantly alters the composition of the normal ocular flora and potentially allows for the colonization of other opportunistic and more virulent pathogens 17 .…”

Bilateral Uveitis Following Typhoid Fever: Case Report and Review of the Literature

“…[2][3][4] Direct invasion may manifest as endogenous endophthalmitis or orbital cellulitis. 5 Prior reports of uveitis following typhoid fever are limited. Agarwal reported a case of unilateral frosted branch angiitis in a 16-year-old girl with typhoid fever.…”