Review of Dispersal, Survival, and Establishment ofBactrocera tryoni(Diptera: Tephritidae) for Quarantine Purposes

Abstract

The fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a species of significant quarantine concern to many countries. Currently, B. tryoni is found in parts of Australia and on some Pacific islands. Understanding dispersal behavior is important for the development of scientifically justified trade restrictions or quarantine distances for B. tryoni. These distances ensure adequate protection for overseas markets while also ensuring that growers sufficiently distant from the affected area are able to retain unrestricted access to markets. This review considers scientific data on dispersal and uses this information to make recommendations for appropriate quarantine distances. Most studies conclude that the lifetime dispersal distance of this species rarely exceeds 1 km, although three studies indicate that longer dispersal distances of a small number of individuals may occasionally occur. These short dispersal distances are consistent with findings for other fruit fly species. Triggers for long-distance dispersal, the fate of these individual flies, nutritional requirements to support this dispersal, and reasons for discrepancies in the dispersal distances reported in different studies are reviewed. Reasons for the inability of B. tryoni to establish along southern parts of the east coast of Australia before European colonization are postulated. A proposed quarantine distance is based on the scientific basis of the mean and 3 SD, with a 3-fold level of protection based on distance. It is proposed that an area contained by a circle with a radius of 1.2 km is a reasonable quarantine area for B. tryoni outbreaks where flies are contained within 200 m of an epicenter. Where total trappings are contained within 400 m of the epicenter, a quarantine distance of 2.4 km is recommended. Three other quarantine distances are proposed based on the formula by using the mean.

Evaluating Irradiation Dose for Sterility Induction and Quality Control of Mass-Produced Fruit Fly <I>Bactrocera tryoni</I> (Diptera: Tephritidae)

“…Dominiak et al , 2007 likely reßect the absence of dye, as dye has been shown to decrease ßight ability (Dominiak et al 2010a). The absence of effects of irradiation on ßight ability means that studies into ßight characteristics of wild ßies could use data from sterile ßies to better understand B. tryoni ßight characteristics and dispersal (Dominiak 2012). There are many studies into sterile programs but few into wild dispersal (an exception being Weldon and Meats (2010)).…”

Choosing the battles: The economics of area wide pest management for Queensland fruit fly

“…Our model may also be developed to deal with multiple outbreaks subject to distinct market access rules and for which the time to eradication and size of the area affected would be different. Based on scientific data on Qfly dispersal, new outbreak thresholds and quarantine distances have been proposed (Dominiak, 2012;Dominiak et al, 2011).…”

Roving and stationary release of adult sterile Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera; Tephritidae)

“…While the chilled flies were released upto 50 m either side of a release point, this meant they were only, at best, 50 m closer to a trap than the non-chilled adult flies at release. Sterile B. tryoni are known to readily disperse to 200 m (for a review of B. tryoni dispersal see Dominiak, 2012), the furthermost distance in the current study to the nearest trap from each release point. Methods to entice the chilled adult flies out of the paper bags or other methods to separate the adult flies from the pupal debris should be considered in the future to maximise the release of viable flies.…”