Review of current vaccine development platform to prevent coronavirus disease

Abstract

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a severe respiratory disorder syndrome which originated in Wuhan city as a global public health emergency, and the pandemic declaration by the WHO was made on March 11, 2020. Persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 are frequently asymptomatic, yet they have high respiratory viral loads, and they are major purveyors of viral spread. These factors have led to the current explosion of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths. Vaccines could play an important role by preventing severe diseases and increasing population immunity and reducing the ongoing health crisis. There is wealth of information for the review available since it is a current topic of interest. Initially, Google Scholar was utilized to take an initial sample of what types of articles are available. We searched other databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, and COCHRANE LIBRARY for research articles published up to March 2021, with no language restrictions. We found seven peer-reviewed publications available on the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: AZD1222 (AstraZeneca/University of Oxford), a ChAdOx1-based vaccine with a reported efficacy of 70.4% and two mRNA-based vaccines: BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) with a reported efficacy of 95% and mRNA-1273 (Moderna/NIAID) with a reported efficacy of 94.1%. Internet was used as a source because of its limitless networking of resources. Sources used from the internet were written by professionals in their fields and published on reliable sites, in referred publications, or on professional organization sites. The cited references were within the last 2 years.

COVID-19 Vaccines: Where Did We Stand at the End of 2023?

“…In contrast, intranasal LV-SARS-CoV-2 S administration was superior, providing a significant decrease in viral load in the lung and reduced local inflammation [ 144 ]. Lung injury was also prevented in hamsters immunized with LV-SARS-CoV-2 S. In another approach, LV vectors have been engineered for the expression of conserved domains of the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins and the protease using the SMENP minigenes [ 145 ]. Dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with LV-SMENP and subcutaneously administered to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) induced immune responses.…”