“…Henning (2007) summarized from local experiences that some crown pillars have failed at FoS values around 2 (see Figure 2.2). Henning, 2007) The scaled span method was later improved by addressing various levels of allowable risk from the perspective of different stakeholders, as shown in Figure 2.3 (Carter, 2014). Along with this chart, a more systematic classification for assessing the acceptable risk of crown pillar failure was also proposed, as illustrated in Table 2.1.…”