Review of corynetoxins poisoning of livestock, a neurological disorder produced by a nematode‐bacterium complex

Finnie, JW

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00019.x

Cited by 26 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Neuropathological lesions are not obvious, but perivascular plasma leakage in the cerebellar meninges is sometimes found. 33 Neurological signs, which include muscle tremors, ophistotonus, convulsions, bruxism and nystagmus, may be evident within 1-2 weeks after introduction of livestock to toxic pastures, but can take up to 12 weeks. Removal of surviving stock from toxic pastures usually results in cessation of neurological signs after approximately 1 week.…”

Section: Ryegrass Staggers Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne) Staggmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Removal of surviving stock from toxic pastures usually results in cessation of neurological signs after approximately 1 week. 33 Less common plant intoxications. Other plants infrequently cause neurological disturbance but, when it occurs, can produce substantial morbidity and sometimes mortality.…”

Section: Ryegrass Staggers Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne) Staggmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Significant livestock losses result from exposure to parasitised annual ryegrass ( L. rigidum ) during summer grazing in the wheat–sheep zones of South Australia and Western Australia, where it is known as ‘annual ryegrass toxicity’, annual beard grass ( P. monspeliensis ) in flood‐prone areas of the south‐east of South Australia and blown grass ( A. avenacea ) on the Darling river floodplains of northern New South Wales, often termed ‘flood plain staggers’. Neuropathological lesions are not obvious, but perivascular plasma leakage in the cerebellar meninges is sometimes found 33 …”

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Neurological diseases of ruminant livestock in Australia. II: toxic disorders and nutritional deficiencies

2011

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Section: Ryegrass Staggers Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne) Staggmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ryegrass Staggers Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne) Staggmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Neurological diseases of ruminant livestock in Australia. II: toxic disorders and nutritional deficiencies

2011

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“…T unicamycin, and the closely related and biologically indistinguishable corynetoxins, produce a severe, and frequently fatal, neurological disorder of livestock in Australia and South Africa, 1 and guinea pigs have been used as an experimental model to study the pathology and pathogenesis of brain and liver lesions that characterise this disease. [2][3][4] The tunicaminyluracil antibiotic, tunicamycin, is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces lysosuperificus and is a specific and potent inhibitor of protein glycosylation.…”

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“…As nearly all cellular proteins are glycosylated, the toxicity of tunicamycin in animals is probably the result of depletion or impaired synthesis of essential glycoproteins. 1 The only naturally occurring disease produced by the tunicamycin group of toxins is caused by ingestion of several plant genera (Lolium, Polypogon and Agrostis) colonised by a nematode (Anguina sp.) and a bacterium (Rathayibacter toxicus).…”

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Retinal photoreceptor damage produced in guinea pigs by tunicamycin

et al. 2020

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Corynetoxins, members of the tunicamycin group of antibiotics, produce a severe and frequently fatal neurological disorder in ruminant livestock, and guinea pigs are a useful model to study the pathology and pathogenesis of this disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether tunicamycin produced ocular damage in this species, which could have pharmacotherapeutic and diagnostic value. Four 8‐week‐old guinea pigs were treated with tunicamycin, and two control animals were given the drug vehicle only. Guinea pigs were injected subcutaneously with 400 μg/kg of tunicamycin, in dimethyl sulphoxide, and killed 48 h post‐injection. The eyes were then examined by light microscopy. Immunohistochemistry for rhodopsin was also performed. The principal pathological finding was marked retinal photoreceptor damage, which was characterised by disruption and disorganisation of rods, sometimes progressing to necrosis and separation of the outer segment. The cytoplasm of some rods was focally distended by accumulated, proteinaceous material. Rhodopsin immunopositivity in injured rods was markedly diminished and associated with shrinkage and shortening of the injured rod's outer segment. Ocular pathology, in the form of reproducible and extensive retinal photoreceptor damage, was found in guinea pigs given tunicamycin, extending the range of species found to be susceptible to this toxic injury. The guinea pig could prove to be a good animal model to test potential therapeutic interventions, and as brain lesions are often minimal and liver pathology non‐specific in intoxicated ruminants, any spontaneously arising ophthalmic injury found in these species could be diagnostically useful.

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Rathayibacter

Evtushenko¹,

Dorofeeva²

2015

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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Ra.thay.i.bac'ter. N.L. n. Rathaya Rathay, referring to E. Rathay, Australian plant pathologist who first isolated strains of the genus; N.L. masc. n. bacter rod; N.L. masc. n. Rathayibacter a rod isolated by Rathay. Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Rathayibacter Young cells are irregular, straight to slightly curved rods , most of which are 0.5–0.7 µm in diameter and ~1.1–2.0 µm in length, with bluntly rounded ends. Cells are often disposed at an angle to each other, giving V‐forms or sometimes more complex angular arrangements. In older cultures, coccobacillaric forms usually predominant . Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. Capsule is produced. Stains Gram‐ positive but not acid‐fast. Lysozyme resistant. Chemo‐organotrophs. Obligately aerobic , having a respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase reaction is usually negative or weakly positive. Nutritionally exacting , most strains require vitamins and amino acids for growth. Growth moderate to good on standard laboratory media based on peptone, yeast extract, and glucose at near neutral pH. Colonies are yellow or rose‐orange to pink. Acids are produced oxidatively and rather weakly from carbohydrates. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite ; nitrite is not reduced. Mesophilic. Optimum temperature ~24–27°C; no growth at 7°C or 37°C. DNA G + C ( mol %): 60–69. Type species : Rathayibacter rathayi (Smith 1913) Zgurskaya, Evtushenko, Akimov and Kalakoutskii 1993, 146 VP (“ Aplanobacter rathayi ” Smith 1913, 926; “ Phytomonas rathayi ” Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Hunton 1923, 192; Corynebacterium rathayi Dowson 1942, 313; “ Pseudobacterium rathayi ” Krasil'nikov 1949, 225; “ Corynebacterium michiganense pv. rathayi ” Dye and Kemp 1977, 578; Clavibacter rathayi Davis, Gillespie, Vidaver and Harris 1984, 113).

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Review of corynetoxins poisoning of livestock, a neurological disorder produced by a nematode‐bacterium complex

Cited by 26 publications

References 64 publications

Neurological diseases of ruminant livestock in Australia. II: toxic disorders and nutritional deficiencies

Neurological diseases of ruminant livestock in Australia. II: toxic disorders and nutritional deficiencies

Retinal photoreceptor damage produced in guinea pigs by tunicamycin

Rathayibacter

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