Review of Control and Energy Management Approaches in Micro-Grid Systems

Abstract

The demand for electricity is increased due to the development of the industry, the electrification of transport, the rise of household demand, and the increase in demand for digitally connected devices and air conditioning systems. For that, solutions and actions should be developed for greater consumers of electricity. For instance, MG (Micro-grid) buildings are one of the main consumers of electricity, and if they are correctly constructed, controlled, and operated, a significant energy saving can be attained. As a solution, hybrid RES (renewable energy source) systems are proposed, offering the possibility for simple consumers to be producers of electricity. This hybrid system contains different renewable generators connected to energy storage systems, making it possible to locally produce a part of energy in order to minimize the consumption from the utility grid. This work gives a concise state-of-the-art overview of the main control approaches for energy management in MG systems. Principally, this study is carried out in order to define the suitable control approach for MGs for energy management in buildings. A classification of approaches is also given in order to shed more light on the need for predictive control for energy management in MGs.

Digital Twin in Electrical Machine Control and Predictive Maintenance: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects

“…The presented DTF paradigm can be summarized as a hierarchical approach, both microscopically (in-DT) and macroscopically (DT cooperation), in addition to its iterative aspect. In the context of Power and Energy Systems, we expect the DTF to fit in adjacent sectors, such as EVs and Micro-Grids, which are built in the same philosophy and face the same challenges [58]. Our complete definition of the term "Digital Twin" follows:…”

A Review of DC Microgrid Energy Management Systems Dedicated to Residential Applications

“…Considering the electric vehicle as a storage element, the plug-in electric vehicle (EV) appears to be a crucial agent in the energy management of residential applications. The authors in Reference [24] discovered several energy management approaches, in which EVs are linked with microgrids as a major player. In Reference [25], authors presented a rule-based control strategy to manage the power flow between grids, batteries, and EVs.…”

Voltage Regulation of an Isolated DC Microgrid with a Constant Power Load: A Passivity-based Control Design

“…Generally, the aim of a MG primary controller is to keep the voltage, current, or power within a reference value fixed by the secondary controller, both working as a global controller while rejecting system disturbances, such as load changes or variations, on PV array conditions. In popular applications based on isolated systems such as the one shown in Figure 1, the DC-link MG1 voltage is regulated on a fixed value using the available storage [13][14][15]. Therefore, when only a BES is used in the system, the greatest challenge is to design a controller to improve the desired performance without neglecting the battery interaction during the mode transitions in order to preserve its lifespan [14][15][16].…”

“…In popular applications based on isolated systems such as the one shown in Figure 1, the DC-link MG1 voltage is regulated on a fixed value using the available storage [13][14][15]. Therefore, when only a BES is used in the system, the greatest challenge is to design a controller to improve the desired performance without neglecting the battery interaction during the mode transitions in order to preserve its lifespan [14][15][16]. However, some types of loads connected on the DC link can produce a negativeimpedance effect, generating system instability and loss of regulation on the feeder system [3,17,18].…”