Review of compressed snow mechanics: Testing methods

Shenvi, Mohit Nitin; Sandu, Corina; Untaroiu, Costin D.

doi:10.1016/j.jterra.2021.11.006

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…There are review articles that have already focused on artificial precipitation systems; they present the system design, capacity, and quality of the simulated precipitation, for rain [67,68] and for snow [69,70]. These systems are summarized in conjunction with the facilities to create a controlled environment and simulate natural and perceived precipitation.…”

Section: Artificial Weather Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are fewer snow studies for vehicles using controlled set ups as snow formation is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by various properties [40]. It is challenging to replicate outdoor conditions in the laboratory [70]; it is also difficult and expensive to control the cold climate for a long chamber.…”

Section: Dynamic Precipitation With Stationary Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaluating weather impact on vehicles: a systematic review of perceived precipitation dynamics and testing methodologies

Pao,

Carvalho,

Hosseinnouri

et al. 2024

Eng. Res. Express

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The performance of road vehicles degrades when driving in adverse weather conditions. Weather testing for vehicles is important to understand the impacts of precipitation on vehicle performance, such as driver visibility, autonomous sensor signal, tire traction, and structural integrity due to corrosion, to ensure safety. This tutorial summarizes the essential elements for performing realistic testing by applying physical and meteorological rationale to vehicle applications. Three major topics are identified as crucial steps for precise quantitative studies, including understanding the natural precipitation characteristics, estimating the perceived precipitation experienced by a moving vehicle, and selecting data collection strategies. The methods used in current practices to investigate the effects of rain and snow on road vehicles at common facilities of outdoor test tracks, drive-through weather chambers, and climatic wind tunnels are summarized. The testing techniques and relevant instrumentations are also discussed, with considerations of factors that influence the measured data, such as particle size distribution, precipitation intensity, wind-induced droplet dynamic events, accumulation behaviour, etc. The goals of this paper are to provide a tutorial with guidelines on designing weather testing experiments for road vehicles and to promote the idea of establishing standardized methodologies for realistic vehicle testing that facilitates accurate prediction of vehicle performance in adverse weather conditions.

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Section: Artificial Weather Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dynamic Precipitation With Stationary Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating weather impact on vehicles: a systematic review of perceived precipitation dynamics and testing methodologies

Pao,

Carvalho,

Hosseinnouri

et al. 2024

Eng. Res. Express

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Additionally, the tendency of the elastic modulus to change with density is only indirectly affected at higher temperatures (−5 • C and −10 • C). The effect of temperature on the elastic modulus of snow is relatively complex [46]. Furthermore, the test also shows that the viscosity coefficient of snow increases exponentially with increasing density, first decreasing and then increasing with temperature.…”

Section: Viscosity Coefficientmentioning

confidence: 91%

Study on the Constitutive Equation and Mechanical Properties of Natural Snow under Step Loading

Han,

Yang,

Liu

et al. 2023

Water

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Snow, as an important component of the cryosphere, holds a crucial role in the construction of polar infrastructure. However, the current research on the mechanical properties of snow is not comprehensive. To contribute to our understanding of the mechanical behaviors of snow in cold regions, uniaxial compression tests under step loading were performed on the snow. With the Maxwell model as the basis, different temperatures, densities, and loading rates were set to establish constitutive equations of snow. The changes in the elastic modulus and viscosity coefficient of snow with respect to three variables were investigated. The results show that the loading rate has no obvious effect on the elastic modulus and viscosity coefficient of snow. Both the elastic modulus and viscosity coefficient of snow follow an exponential function with respect to density, with an increase in density, resulting in a higher value. As temperature decreases, the elastic modulus and viscosity coefficient initially decrease and then increase, whereas no specific functional relationship between them was observed. Additionally, a new constitutive equation considering snow density is derived based on the Maxwell model.

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“…The coefficients utilized in the FEM snow model will be sourced from our comprehensive literature review, primarily relying on experimental measurements [4]. Under typical conditions, snow displays intricate properties characterized by non-linear viscoelastic behavior and significant deformations, encompassing both volumetric and deviatoric strains [5], [6]. The literature presents various approaches for modeling the interaction between snow and tires, including analytical and semianalytical methods [7], finite element methods [8], and, more recently, particle-based methods [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of FEM tire-soft snow interaction and theoretical model based on Bekker’s coefficients

Surkutwar,

Vilsan,

Sandu

et al. 2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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Tire-deformable terrain interaction is a complex phenomenon that has proven difficult to characterize accurately and comprehensively using numerical models. While researchers have attempted to develop various numerical models to estimate tire behavior on deformable terrain, the most accurate models to date rely on empirical data and are only applicable to specific rolling conditions. In this research paper, a comparison between theoretical mechanics and a finite element method (FEM) model of a rigid tire rolling on a layer of soft snow is presented. The goal is to compare the data obtained from the FEM tire-soft snow interaction analysis with the data generated by a theoretical numerical model. The FEM snow model is developed using the Drucker-Prager cap material model while the tire is assumed rigid. The assumption of the rigid tire can provide reasonably accurate results in the case of the soft snow interaction model. The theoretical pressure-sinkage coefficients of the Bekker equation (kc, kϕ and n) for soft snow are calculated by simulating vertical penetration tests in the FEM snow model. The results of the pressure distribution and rolling resistance due to compaction obtained by the FEM and the theoretical model results are then compared.

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Review of compressed snow mechanics: Testing methods

Cited by 15 publications

References 45 publications

Evaluating weather impact on vehicles: a systematic review of perceived precipitation dynamics and testing methodologies

Evaluating weather impact on vehicles: a systematic review of perceived precipitation dynamics and testing methodologies

Study on the Constitutive Equation and Mechanical Properties of Natural Snow under Step Loading

Comparative analysis of FEM tire-soft snow interaction and theoretical model based on Bekker’s coefficients

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