Review of Complications Associated With Contact Lenses From Unregulated Sources of Supply

Young, Graeme P.; Young, Alex G. H.; Lakkis, Carol

doi:10.1097/icl.0b013e3182a70ef7

Cited by 38 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Another observation from Young et al described a French case–control study of patients with microbial keratitis contracted from contact lens wear. In this study, it was shown that decorative contact lens wearers were 85 times more likely to have acquired their contact lenses from an unregulated source when compared to noncosmetic contact lens users .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Despite the fact that the FDA requires prescriptions for all contact lens products, each year thousands of consumers obtain contact lenses through channels which evade regulatory authority and may not meet industry standards for safety. Also, consumers who bypass the counsel of an eye‐care practitioner significantly increase their risk of ocular infections such as microbial keratitis . Sauer et al reported that the risk of microbial keratitis for decorative contact lens is 16.5 times greater than normal contact lenses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, consumers who bypass the counsel of an eye‐care practitioner significantly increase their risk of ocular infections such as microbial keratitis . Sauer et al reported that the risk of microbial keratitis for decorative contact lens is 16.5 times greater than normal contact lenses. Young et al noted that of the 1,276 contact lens‐related adverse events reported in 2008‐2009 European Contact Lens‐related complications (CLEER) Project, 34% of those contacts were obtained from unregulated sources.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of Microorganisms Isolated From Counterfeit and Unapproved Decorative Contact Lenses

Land

Penno

Brzezinski

2017

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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All contact lenses (corrective/noncorrective) are considered Class II or Class III medical devices under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which also states that contact lenses can only be obtained with a prescription. The Forensic Chemistry Center of the US Food & Drug Administration has examined over 300 decorative, noncorrective contact lenses obtained without a prescription. Our observations indicate that 60% of the counterfeit lenses and 27% of the unapproved lenses examined were positive for microbial contamination. Twenty-nine different brands of noncorrective contact lenses were examined, and 48% of them had at least one sample positive for microbial contamination. Each microorganism was further identified using DNA sequencing. Contaminated contact lenses are associated with numerous health risks, including ocular infections and conjunctivitis leading to permanent visual impairment or blindness. These results support the contention that acquiring contact lenses without a prescription is a considerable threat to consumer health and safety.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of Microorganisms Isolated From Counterfeit and Unapproved Decorative Contact Lenses

Land

Penno

Brzezinski

2017

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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“…The estimated prevalence varies from 6.3 to 710 per 100,000 (1). The high incidence is due not only to poor hygiene standards and a greater risk of infection in developing countries, but also to the widespread use of contact lenses with associated complications in industrial nations (3,4). The two primary gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains responsible for causing bacterial keratitis are Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial keratitis: Photodynamic inactivation reduced experimental inflammation

Deichelbohrer

Seitz

et al. 2017

Exp Ther Med

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Abstract. The successful treatment of bacterial keratitis remains an unsolved clinical problem. The current study aimed to establish a murine keratitis model and to investigate the effect of chlorin e6 (Ce6) and photodynamic inactivation (PDI) on corneal inflammation. The cornea of anesthetized mice was scratched and covered with a bacterial suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A paste containing Ce6 was applied to the cornea with subsequent exposure to specified light. Two days later the animals were sacrificed, and the globes were processed for light microscopy. Evaluation parameters were the maximal corneal thickness and the severity of the hypopyon. The maximal corneal thickness of 290±16 µm in the infected and untreated group was significantly reduced to 220±8 µm in the infected and treated group (P<0.05). In addition, the hypopyon was less severe in the infected and treated group. In conclusion, the present study indicates that PDI using Ce6 may be a potential approach to treat patients suffering with severe bacterial keratitis.

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“…This is due to low hygiene standards and water quality with a greater risk of infection in poor countries. In addition, the widespread use of contact lenses and associated complications in wealthier countries contributes to severe keratitis (2,3). Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are two predominant gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains responsible for causing this disease (1,4,5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaseous nitric oxide for the local treatment of bacterial keratitis in mice

Deichelbohrer

Seitz

et al. 2016

Biomedical Reports

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Abstract. The successful treatment of severe bacterial keratitis continues to be a challenge in animals and humans. In the present study the aim was to assess gaseous therapy using gaseous nitric oxide (gNO) in a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. The cornea of anesthetized mice was mechanically scratched and covered with a bacterial suspension of P. aeruginosa. One day later, the infected eyes were exposed to 200 ppm NO for 30 min. Three to seven days later the mice were sacrificed and the bulbi were obtained and processed for light microscopy. The read out parameter was the maximal corneal thickness and the severity of the hypopyon. The therapy with NO did not result in either a reduction of inflammation concerning the maximal corneal thickness or the severity of the hypopyon. The bacterial load was not investigated due to technical limitations. Thus, exposure to gNO did not reduce the local inflammation in P. aeruginosa induced murine keratitis at the investigated time-points. This does not exclude effects of NO on the bacterial load, and in experimental and human keratitis. IntroductionBacterial keratitis is a major cause of blindness worldwide with a high incidence (1). This is due to low hygiene standards and water quality with a greater risk of infection in poor countries. In addition, the widespread use of contact lenses and associated complications in wealthier countries contributes to severe keratitis (2,3). Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are two predominant gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains responsible for causing this disease (1,4,5). The resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is reducing the efficacy of bacterial keratitis treatment. Therefore, research into the development of novel therapeutic approaches is essential. In this regard photodynamic inactivation has been in experimental and clinical use throughout the last decade (6-8). Research on cystic fibrosis established an antimicrobial effect of gaseous nitric oxide (gNO) in infections with P. aeruginosa using a rat model (9). Furthermore, a study in white rabbits demonstrated that a treatment using 200 ppm gNO significantly reduced the bacterial load in wounds of the dorsal skin surface (10). Thus, in view of the possibility of a surface treatment for keratitis, this therapeutic strategy demonstrated a feasible approach.The aim of the current study was to evaluate gNO application as a potential treatment of experimental keratitis in vivo for the first time. However, this series of experiments did not serve as proof of the anti-inflammatory effect of gNO. Materials and methodsAnimals and anaesthesia. Young (age, 9-10.5 weeks) female C57BL/6 mice [n=19; standard housing conditions (3-5 animals per cage) with 12-h light/dark cycle, minimum 70% humidity and chow/water were provided ad libitum; Janvier Labs, Saint-Berthevin Cedex, France] were used in the present study. All animal care and experimental procedures were approved by the local governmental animal care committee (permit no. 58/2013) and wer...

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Review of Complications Associated With Contact Lenses From Unregulated Sources of Supply

Cited by 38 publications

References 44 publications

Identification of Microorganisms Isolated From Counterfeit and Unapproved Decorative Contact Lenses

Identification of Microorganisms Isolated From Counterfeit and Unapproved Decorative Contact Lenses

Bacterial keratitis: Photodynamic inactivation reduced experimental inflammation

Gaseous nitric oxide for the local treatment of bacterial keratitis in mice

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