Review of ceramic materials and recent development of preparation methods

Abstract

Ceramics globally has been developed by various materials and methods to find suitable ceramics for specific applications. This paper discusses development of several methods in ceramic preparation such as hot-pressing, sintering, co-precipitation, and solid-state method. In 2001 up to 2019, hot-pressing method was used to manufacture ceramic B4C and SiAlCO as raw material doping by (W, Ti)C. In 2002 up to 2018 sintering method by using fly ash as raw material with an additional K2CO3, Na2CO3, and Nb2O5. In 2008, co-precipitation method was used for CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) as raw material until 2019, and then ZrO2-Al2O3 as a newcomer ceramic material. From 2001 up to 2017, solid-state method was used with microwave for MgTiO and 3-CaTiO with Eu and (Lu, Gd) 2O3 as a dopant. This paper provided four methods and the materials from reported references from 2000 up to now, as guidance in producing specific functional ceramics in the future.

Influence of Zirconium (Zr4+) Substitution on the Crystal Structure and Optical and Dielectric Properties of Sr0.8Mg0.2(Sn1–xZrx)O3 Ceramics

“…The main reasons for this dispersion are the related mobile charge carriers as well as the polarized composition of the sample studied . The presence of several polarizations such as dipolar and ionic electronic polarizations as well as interfacial polarizations may be influenced by the large dielectric constant dispersions. ,,, By application of the local field, the electrons inside the material move opposite to the field by a small displacement (dipole moment) resulting in electronic polarization, and this behavior occurs above 1 GHz operating frequency . Moreover, the dielectric constant decreases with frequency (see Figure ); it is due to the permanent dipole moments which further affected the overall polarization mechanism inside the material.…”

“…Based on this, we previously systematically investigated the synthesis of Sr 3 Ti 2 O 7 bulk ceramics and obtained excellent microwave dielectric properties (ε r = 63, Q × f = 84,000 GHz, and τ f = 293 ppm/°C) . It has also been reported that compared to commercially available materials systems like CaTiO 3 -NdAlO 3 (ε r = 45, Q × f = 44,000 GHz, τ f = +3 ppm/°C) and CaLa 4 Ti 4 O 15 (ε r = 41.6, Q × f = 34,911 GHz, τ f = −25 ppm/°C), the Sr 3 Ti 2 O 7 ceramics show optimum microwave dielectric properties without noble elements. − However, the large positive τ f value needs to be further optimized because it is unsuitable for real-world use. Colla et al concluded from a summary of structural parameters and microwave dielectric characteristics of complex perovskite ceramics based on Ba/Sr that the onset of octahedral tilting is the primary factor in determining the τ f values .…”