Review of Carnot Battery Technology Commercial Development

Novotny, Vaclav; Basta, Vit; Smola, Petr; Spale, Jan

doi:10.3390/en15020647

Cited by 49 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Aiming at contributing to the decarbonization of Society, many efforts and innovative technologies are required for cutting the carbon dioxide emissions associated to these processes. The demand of electricity or heat from reconvert it into electricity when necessary, like reported in recent review works from Dumont et al 3) or by Novotny et al 4) . Especially for the industrial applications, chemical heat storage is a candidate TES alternative to sensible heat storage or latent heat storage, characterized by larger energy density, but still difficult to be utilized in practical applications because of the poor heat transfer properties of the reagents utilized, which are mainly hydroxides or carbonates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Numerical Analysis on the Effect of Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Contact Conductance on Heat Transfer during Dehydration Reaction in a Fixed Packed Bed Reactor for Thermochemical Heat Storage

et al. 2022

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Numerical Analysis on the Effect of Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Contact Conductance on Heat Transfer during Dehydration Reaction in a Fixed Packed Bed Reactor for Thermochemical Heat Storage

et al. 2022

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“…These systems are already demonstrated on a demo scale with round-trip efficiencies of 25%-77%. 69 Currently, solids, molten salts, water and phase change material are the prevailing materials in the thermal energy storage. The charging of the heat storage (P2H) of the currently demonstrated Carnot batteries is realized via resistance heaters or heat pumps.…”

Section: Use Of a Liquid-metal Based Heat Storage In P2h2p Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the discharge process (H2P), steam, organic and CO 2 Rankine cycles, Brayton cycles or Stirling engines are used. 69 In comparison with gases as heat transfer fluids, the use of liquid metals in the heat storage system enables an efficient heat transfer to a secondary medium in the power cycle, for example, gas or steam. And in comparison with liquid heat transfer fluids such as molten salts, the heat transfer can take place at high temperatures (>600 C) allowing a conversion to electricity with high H2P efficiencies.…”

Section: Use Of a Liquid-metal Based Heat Storage In P2h2p Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A perspective on high‐temperature heat storage using liquid metal as heat transfer fluid

Niedermeier

2023

Energy Storage

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Energy storage systems are essential to secure a reliable electricity and heat supply in an energy system with high shares of fluctuating renewable energy sources. Thermal energy storage systems offer the possibility to store energy in the form of heat relatively simply and at low cost. In concentrating solar power systems, for instance, molten salt‐based thermal storage systems already enable a 24/7 electricity generation. The use of liquid metals as heat transfer fluids in thermal energy storage systems enables high heat transfer rates and a large operating temperature range (100°C to >700°C, depending on the liquid metal). Hence, different heat storage solutions have been proposed in the literature, which are summarized in this perspective. Based on these, future technical advances are suggested such as reducing the liquid metal share in the heat storage, using waste material as storage medium or using liquid metal as heat transfer fluids not only in sensible, but in latent or thermochemical energy storage systems. The use of waste material in a packed bed configuration with 5% porosity, for example, can bring down the storage material costs to 2%–3% of the costs of a liquid metal‐only storage system. Furthermore, future application fields beyond concentrating solar power are proposed: supply of industrial process heat, waste heat integration and power‐to‐heat‐to‐power processes.

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“…In [6], a state-of-the art review with comparison of different CB types and their market potential is given. An extensive review on CBs industrial applications and state of commercialization can be found in [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Operation Maps for Lamm–Honigmann Thermo-Chemical Energy Storage—A Quasi-Stationary Model for Process Analysis

Thiele

Ziegler

2022

Processes

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The Lamm–Honigmann energy storage is a sorption-based storage that can be arbitrarily charged and discharged with both heat and electrical power. The mechanical charging and discharging processes of this storage are characterized by an internal heat transfer between the main components, absorber/desorber and evaporator/condenser, that is driven by the working-fluid mass transferred between those components with the help of an expansion or compression device, respectively. In this paper, thermal operation maps for the mechanical charging and discharging processes are developed from energy balances in order to predict power output and storage efficiency depending on the system state, which, in particular, is defined by the mass flow rate of vapor and the salt mass fraction of the absorbent. The conducted method is applied for the working-fluid pair LiBr/H2O. In a first step, a thermal efficiency is defined to account for second-order losses due to the internal heat transfer; e.g., for discharging from a salt mass fraction of 0.7 to one of 0.5 (kg LiBr)/(kg sol.) at a temperature of 130 ∘C, it is found that the reversible shaft work output is reduced by 1.1–2.9%/(K driving temperature difference). For lower operating temperatures, the reduction is larger; e.g., at 80∘C, the efficiency loss due to heat transfer rises to 3.5%/K for a salt mass fraction of 0.5 (kg LiBr)/(kg sol.). In a second step, a quasi-stationary assumption leads to the thermal operation map from which the discharging characteristics can be found; e.g., at an operating temperature of 130 ∘C for a constant power output of 0.4 kW/m2 heat exchanger area at volumetric and inner machine efficiencies of ηi=ηvol=0.8 and for an overall heat-transfer coefficient of 1500 W/(K m2), the mass flow rate has to rise continuously from 1.5 to 4.2 g/(s m2), while the thermal efficiency is reduced from 97% to 83% due to this rise and due to the dilution of the sorbent. For this discharging scenario, the corresponding discharge time is 4.4 (min·m2)/(kg salt). This results in an exergetic storage density of around 29 Wh/(kg salt mass). For a charge-to-discharge ratio of 2 (charging times equals two times discharging time) and with the same heat-transfer characteristic and machine efficiencies for constant power charging with adiabatic compression, the system is charged at around 0.75 kW/m2, resulting in a round-trip efficiency of around 27%. Besides those predictions for arbitrary charging and discharging scenarios, the derived thermal maps are especially useful for the dimensioning of the storage system and for the development of control strategies. It has to be noted that the operation maps do not illustrate the transient behavior of the system but its quasi-stationary state. However, it is shown, mathematically, that the system tends to return to this state when disturbed.

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Review of Carnot Battery Technology Commercial Development

Cited by 49 publications

References 95 publications

Numerical Analysis on the Effect of Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Contact Conductance on Heat Transfer during Dehydration Reaction in a Fixed Packed Bed Reactor for Thermochemical Heat Storage

Numerical Analysis on the Effect of Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Contact Conductance on Heat Transfer during Dehydration Reaction in a Fixed Packed Bed Reactor for Thermochemical Heat Storage

A perspective on high‐temperature heat storage using liquid metal as heat transfer fluid

Thermal Operation Maps for Lamm–Honigmann Thermo-Chemical Energy Storage—A Quasi-Stationary Model for Process Analysis

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