Review of cardiovascular disease prevention and control programs: international experience and challenges in China

Abstract

<p style="margin: 0cm 9.35pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify; -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">Major cardiovascular risk factors in China</span><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;" lang="EN-GB">, such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, dietary factors, exposure to tobacco, diabetes, obesity and physical inactivity, </span><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">have contributed to deteriorating trends in cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths. In past years, a number of CVD prevention programs have been initiated in European and American countries and successfully brought down CVD related death rate by involving various parties such as physicians, patients, government agencies and payers. However, there is </span><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;" lang="EN-GB">rare</span><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB"> published literature that systemically reviewed such experience, which would be highly valuable for China and other countries with high CVD burden. In this article, we review the published literature on CVD prevention and control programs and report on interviews of local and foreign experts to provide recommendations for China-specific CVD prevention </span><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;" lang="EN-GB">and control </span><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">programs. </span><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;" lang="EN-GB">In order to provide practical suggestions, w</span><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">e describe the type of programs as patient, physician, pharmacist, nurse, or payer-focused. Based on this evidence and identified challenges in China, programs focusing on disease management, treatment adherence, physician/health care provider education, financial incentives, and integrated healthcare are recommended for the prevention and control of CVD in China.</span></p>

Cardiovascular Disease Mortality and Potential Risk Factor in China: A Multi-Dimensional Assessment by a Grey Relational Approach

“…Understanding and appropriately quantifying the impact of CVD's key risk factors is critical for optimizing CVD prevention measures. Based on detailed literature search, for the potential risk factor analysis, we considered only HTN, diabetes mellitus, and high blood cholesterol as the top three contributors to CVD mortality in China [8][9][10][11]. Further, we included CHD, stroke, and pulmonary heart disease as the leading contributors to CVDrelated mortality [10,[12][13][14].…”