Review of cadmium exposure and smoking‐independent effects on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the general population

Abstract

Fagerberg B, Barregard L. Review of cadmium exposure and smoking-independent effects on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the general population.

Chronic Cadmium Exposure and Genetic Polymorphisms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a Population Exposed to Steel Slag in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…The prevalence of NCDs in the study population was much higher than the prevalence in the Brazilian population [ 30 ]. Association between NCDs and Cd concentrations had already been observed in previous studies with increased risk of hypertension [ 18 ], atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [ 31 ], neurological/neuropsychological [ 32 ], renal diseases [ 33 ], lung/respiratory disease [ 34 ] and cancer [ 33 , 35 ]. However, our results showed no association between NCD and Cd concentrations since it is a cross-sectional study, and is possible that the high prevalence of NCDs is due to an unmeasured variable in this population.…”

Maternal Smoking and the Risk of Placenta Accreta Spectrum: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…According to Tsuji et al, cadmium and lead levels in pregnant women with PAS were higher than normal pregnancies, and it is possible that increased cadmium levels play a role in the pathogenesis of PAS [ 20 ]. Smoking can also increase cadmium levels in the blood [ 41 ]. However, further studies are needed to substantiate this hypothesis because cadmium and lead levels were also higher in women with PAS without a history of smoking than in women with normal pregnancies [ 20 ].…”

Disturbed Ratios between Essential and Toxic Trace Elements as Potential Biomarkers of Acute Ischemic Stroke

“…The possible mechanism of Cd neurotoxicity is the induction of oxidative stress, the disruption of the activity of enzymes essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system, and the destruction of the homeostasis of bioelements in the brain [ 22 ]. Comprehensive evaluations and combined analyses on the relationship between Cd and CVD have included studies on stroke, taking into account smoking habits [ 23 , 24 ]. Current smokers have approximately twice as much Cd in their kidneys and urine, and three to four times as much Cd in their blood, compared to never-smokers [ 25 , 26 ].…”