Review of biochar structure and physicochemical properties

Abstract

As a new emerging technology, biochar and its applications have been rapidly developed in recent years. However, due to large differences in carbonization materials and processes, it is difficult to compare or even contrast the results of biochar application studies, thus hindering the development of biochar applications to some extent. For this reason, our paper focuses on the key factors restricted the function of biochar, namely, the structure as well as physical and chemical properties of biochar, and then systematically presents the main research advances in recent years from the following perspectives of biochar such as definition, formation, structure, elemental composition, and other main physical-chemical properties, and property controlling-technologies. The paper analyses and summarizes the common and differential characteristics of biochar structure and physical and chemical properties and clarifies the relevant basic perspectives, statuses, trends, and consensus on the structure and properties of biochar. The structure and fundamental physical and chemical properties of biochar are believed to be the most important factors affecting the roles, function, and effects of biochar. They also determine the application field, scope, amount, objective, and direction of biochar. Therefore, the modification technology or optimal regulation technique is the key to develop the efficacy advantage,

Microwave-Assisted Camellia oleifera Abel Shell Biochar Catalyzed Fast Pyrolysis of Waste Vegetable Oil to Produce Aromatic-Rich Bio-Oil

“…The band strength at 3,446 cm −1 is related to the tensile vibration of the O-H group. The increase of the liquid-to-solid ratio results in a slight increase of the group peak, and its peak value decreases with the increase of carbonization temperature (Wang et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021). The group signal peak in biochar after HNO 3 treatment is clearer than that in untreated biochar.…”

“…The group signal peak in biochar after HNO 3 treatment is clearer than that in untreated biochar. However, C=C, C=O, O-H, and other groups were obviously missing when the carbonization temperature reaches 800 °C; thus, high temperature promotes the decomposition of functional groups (Zhang et al, 2021). This scenario indicates that the high temperature is harmful to the groups.…”

“…Moreover, the microporous structure inhibited the formation of high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons. However, the pore structure of biochar was destroyed when the carbonization temperature was excessively high, and the inhibitory effect was reduced (Zhang et al, 2021). Increasing MAH content and reducing PAH content can be considered the advantages of HNO 3 pretreatment for biochar preparation.…”

Long term co‐application of biochar and fertilizer could increase soybean yield under continuous cropping: insights from photosynthetic physiology

“…Biochar, a new research hotspot in recent years, possesses unique physical and chemical properties such as rich pore structure, high carbon content, large specific surface area, strong adsorption, alkalinity, and nutrient richness, 7,8 which provide a targeted functional basis for overcoming continuous cropping obstacles. Studies show that applying straw‐biochar to farmland can not only effectively fix the carbon generated by photosynthesis, 9,10 but also enhance crop photosynthesis and yield 11 .…”

Effects of the bamboo shoot biochar on indexes of serum, antioxidant indexes of kidney and gut microbiota in db/db diabetic mice

“…Because biochar has extremely rich microporous carbon frame structure, large surface area and different kinds of surface functional groups, organic small molecules, mineral salts etc. (Azargoha et al 2013;Zhang et al 2021), it is widely used in agriculture, environmental protection, energy, medical and health and other elds, and has become a new hotspot of scienti c research in recent years. A large number of studies have shown that the application of biochar from different crop straw can signi cantly raise the abundance and diversity of microorganisms in soil, change the structure of soil microbiota community, increase bene cial microorganisms, improve physical and chemical properties of soil and enhance yield and quality in crop (Wu et al 2016Kuang et al 2021Hou et al 2018Xu et al 2021Hu et al 2021Yin et al 2021Zhao et al 2018.…”