Review of atrazine sampling by polar organic chemical integrative samplers and Chemcatcher

Abstract

A key success factor for the performance of passive samplers is the proper calibration of sampling rates. Sampling rates for a wide range of polar organic compounds are available for Chemcatchers and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), but the mechanistic models that are needed to understand the effects of exposure conditions on sampling rates need improvement. Literature data on atrazine sampling rates by these samplers were reviewed with the aim of assessing what can be learned from literature reports of this well-studied compound and identifying knowledge gaps related to the effects of flow and temperature. The flow dependency of sampling rates could be described by a mass transfer resistance model with 1 (POCIS) or 2 (Chemcatcher) adjustable parameters. Literature data were insufficient to evaluate the temperature effect on the sampling rates. An evaluation of reported sampler configurations showed that standardization of sampler design can be improved: for POCIS with respect to surface area and sorbent mass, and for Chemcatcher with respect to housing design. Several reports on atrazine sampling could not be used because the experimental setups were insufficiently described with respect to flow conditions. Recommendations are made for standardization of sampler layout and documentation of flow conditions in calibration studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1786-1798. © 2018 SETAC.

Passive samplers to quantify micropollutants in sewer overflows: accumulation behaviour and field validation for short pollution events

“…Therefore, the contaminant mass transfer seems to not be limited by the water boundary layer. The water boundary layer thickness depends on the hydrodynamics (Green and Abraham 2000;Vermeirssen et al 2008;Booij and Chen 2018). In the flow channel experiments the flow velocities were higher than in previous studies and, thus the resistance of water boundary layer played less of a role for uptake.…”

“…The observed high sampling rates Rs facilitate accumulation and measurement of the contaminants on passive samplers during short stormwater events. The higher RS are attributed to the higher flow velocity (Vermeirssen et al 2008;Booij and Chen 2018) in the flow channel experiments (0.75 -0.85m/s), which we deliberately chose to represent realistic velocities in sewers. In two cases (2.4-D and mecoprop) a higher initial uptake was observed in Experiment II than in Experiment I, although the average water concentrations were similar ( Figure SI 6).…”

“…Previous calibration studies with SDB-RPS disks and polar organic pollutants were conducted at flow velocities <0.2m/s (Stephens et al 2005;Stephens et al 2009;Vermeirssen et al 2013). However, flow velocities in sewer systems can be higher and, contaminant accumulation may not be water boundary layer controlled at higher flow velocities (Green and Abraham 2000;Booij and Chen 2018).…”

POCIS Calibration for Organic Compound Sampling in Small Headwater Streams

“…A more mechanistic modeling approach was suggested by Fauvelle et al (2017), which was applied to published atrazine R s values obtained by POCIS (Booij and Chen 2018): where A is the area of the sorbent‐filled part of the membrane, R s,max is the limiting sampling rate at infinite flow, and k w is the mass transfer coefficient of the water boundary layer, which can be obtained from: where L is the average length of the flow lines over the sorbent‐filled part of the membrane, D w is the diffusion coefficient of atrazine in water, U is the flow velocity, and ν is the kinematic viscosity of water. Equation 4 is usually given as a relationship between the Sherwood (Sh), Reynolds (Re), and Schmidt numbers (Sc): …”

Passive sampling of organic contaminants across the water-sediment interface of an urban stream

“…Thus, we designed 3 types of passive sampler configurations which are based on the features of Chemcatcher and o-DGT. Chemcatcher is the most widely used PS for monitoring polar OCs in SW together with the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (Booij and Chen, 2018). For polar application, Chemcatchers are typically equipped with disks made of reversed-phase sulfonated styrenedivinylbenzene (SDB-RPS) copolymeric beads embedded in polytetrafluoroethylene (10 wt.%) as the receiving phase.…”