Review of Artificially Triggered Lightning Study in China

Liu, Xinsheng; Zhang, Yijun

doi:10.1541/ieejpes1990.118.2_170

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Interestingly, no flashes transferring only a positive charge to the ground were observed in these studies. Berger (1978) China is given by Liu and Zhang (1998). A similar waveform is found in McEachron (1939).…”

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confidence: 69%

A Review of Positive and Bipolar Lightning Discharges

Rakov¹

2003

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

138

102

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Characteristics of lightning discharges that transport either positive charge or both positive and negative charges to the ground are reviewed. These are termed positive and bipolar lightning discharges, respectively. Different types of positive and bipolar lightning are discussed. Although positive lightning discharges account for 10% or less of global cloud-to-ground lightning activity, there are five situations that appear to be conducive to the more frequent occurrence of positive lightning. These situations include 1) the dissipating stage of an individual thunderstorm, 2) winter thunderstorms, 3) trailing stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems, 4) some severe storms, and 5) thunderclouds formed over forest fires or contaminated by smoke. The highest directly measured lightning currents (near 300 kA) and the largest charge transfers (hundreds of coulombs or more) are thought to be associated with positive lightning. Two types of impulsive positive current waveforms have been observed. One type is characterized by rise times of the order of 10 μs, comparable to those for first strokes in negative lightning, and the other type is characterized by considerably longer rise times, up to hundreds of microseconds. The latter waveforms are apparently associated with very long, 1–2 km, upward negative connecting leaders. The positive return-stroke speed is of the order of 108 m s−1. Positive flashes are usually composed of a single stroke. Positive return strokes often appear to be preceded by significant in-cloud discharge activity, then followed by continuing currents, and involve long horizontal channels. In contrast to negative leaders, which are always optically stepped when they propagate in virgin air, positive leaders seem to be able to move either continuously or in a stepped fashion. The reported percentage of bipolar flashes in summer storms ranges from 6% to 14% and from 5% to 33% in winter storms. Bipolar lightning discharges are usually initiated by upward leaders from tall objects. It appears that positive and negative charge sources in the cloud are tapped by different upward branches of the bipolar-lightning channel.

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confidence: 69%

A Review of Positive and Bipolar Lightning Discharges

Rakov¹

2003

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

138

102

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“…Rocket-triggered lightning discharge (RTLD) was successfully conducted in 1967 [100]. Similarly, RTLD experiments were reported in France [101][102], USA [103], Indonesia [104] and China [105]. Japanese have spent a long time on laser-triggered lightning [106].…”

Section: Lightning Protection and Controlmentioning

confidence: 92%

Lightning Interactions with Humans and Lifelines

Kalair

Abas²,

Khan³

2013

JLR

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Lightning is one of the fascinating phenomena exhibiting tremendous natural power. It is source of awe, curiosity, enticement, inspiration as well as fear. On average, 50 lightning strikes occur on earth in one second. Fortunately not all of them kill people, albeit 10% people fall prey to lightning annually, out of which hardly 20 to 25% die. Lightning injures victims by heat, shockwave, intense brightness, radio waves, and secondary slip or fall mechanisms. Lightning injury is different from the normal electric shock as it involves transient flashover unlike the electrical contact freeze, wherein alternating (AC) and direct currents (DC) pass through the conductive interior body. Vacuity in knowledge is the driving force behind discoveries and inventions. Lightning experts had hardly developed any concurrence on lightning physics, and the observation of dark lightning complicated the Gordian knot. Lightning preventive, alerting and control devices help reduce fatality rates by the bolts out of blue skies. Lightning was considered to be the second cause of death making natural disasters after flashfloods but preventive measures have slithered it down to the third place in developed countries. Lightning prevention rule recommends 'when the thunder roars, go indoors'. This work describes lightning characteristics, damage thresholds to humans, machines, energy infrastructures, airplanes, wind turbines, light railway tractions, underground cables and pipelines. Power and energy lifelines such as transmission lines, oil tankers and gas or petroleum pipelines are susceptible to lightning strikes. Artificial rocket and laser triggered lightning protection and control techniques help to divert the lightning attacks. Interaction of lightning with power and energy infrastructures disrupts these lifelines. However, lightning itself is viewed as an extraterrestrial energy source. Lightning energy harvesting is an interesting application which has been investigated quantitatively.

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“…A bipolar lightning flash is one type of cloud‐to‐ground lightning flash that transfers charge of opposite polarity to ground. It may occur in a downward natural lightning (Saba et al., 2013; Saraiva et al., 2014; Tian et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2016), or an upward lightning initiated from a high tower or windmill (Azadifar et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2018; D. Wang & Takagi, 2008; Watanabe et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2011), or a rocket‐and‐wire‐triggered lightning (Akiyama et al., 1985; Hill et al., 2013; Hubert & Mouget, 1981; Jerauld et al., 2004; Liu & Zhang, 1998; Yoshida et al., 2012). Single or multiple current polarity reversals may occur in a bipolar lightning flash (Rakov, 2003; Watanabe et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Rocket‐Triggered Lightning Flash Containing Negative‐Positive‐Negative Current Polarity Reversal During Its Initial Stage

Sun

Jiang

et al. 2021

JGR Atmospheres

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A rocket-triggered lightning flash containing negative-positive-negative current polarity reversal during its initial stage is analyzed using multiple synchronized observation data. The flash was triggered under a thunderstorm transition zone between the convective region and the stratiform region. The upward positive leader branched and developed toward the stratiform region. When the negative initial continuous current was decreasing, a negative stepped leader was transformed from a recoil leader on a preexisting positive branch. As the negative leader developed toward the convective region, a breakdown process initiated on a preexisting positive channel and propagated toward the back end of the negative stepped leader, accompanied with a positive electric field change pulse. The current polarity changed from negative to positive about 0.22 ms after the onset of the breakdown process. The negative leader terminated after propagating for 71.08 ms, while scattered discharges on other positive branches maintained to develop, and then the ICC polarity changed from positive to negative. LI ET AL.

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Review of Artificially Triggered Lightning Study in China

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

A Review of Positive and Bipolar Lightning Discharges

A Review of Positive and Bipolar Lightning Discharges

Lightning Interactions with Humans and Lifelines

A Rocket‐Triggered Lightning Flash Containing Negative‐Positive‐Negative Current Polarity Reversal During Its Initial Stage

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