Review of artificial intelligence techniques in green/smart buildings

Rodríguez-Gracia, Diego; Capobianco-Uriarte, María de las Mercedes; Terán-Yépez, Eduardo; Piedra-Fernández, José A.; Iribarne, Luís; Ayala, Rosa

doi:10.1016/j.suscom.2023.100861

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…They reviewed many studies on how to count people in different places, noting the types of spaces, their sizes, and how these studies measured results. They used this information to create a system for classifying the number of occupants in their own study, as follows: [0], [1][2], [3][4], [5][6], [7][8][9], [10][11][12], [13][14][15], [16][17][18], [19][20][21][22],. .…”

Section: Pir Sensors For People Countingmentioning

confidence: 99%

PIR Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Shokrollahi,

Persson,

Malekian

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Buildings are rapidly becoming more digitized, to a large extent due to developments in IoT. This will provide many opportunities but also a number of challenges. One of the central challenges in the process of digitizing buildings is the ability to monitor the building’s status effectively. This monitoring is essential for various services that rely on information about the presence and activities of individuals within different areas of the building. Occupancy information, including people counting, occupancy detection, location tracking, and activity detection, plays a vital role in the management of smart buildings. In this article, our primary focus is on the use of Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors for gathering occupancy information. PIR sensors are among the most widely used sensors for this purpose due to their consideration of privacy concerns, cost-effectiveness, and low processing complexity compared to many others. Despite numerous literature review articles in the field of occupancy information, there currently isn’t a specialized literature review dedicated to occupancy information derived specifically from PIR sensors.Therefore, this study analyzes articles that specifically explore the application of PIR sensors for occupancy information. This article provides a comprehensive literature review of PIR sensor technology from 2015 to 2023, with a focus on applications in people counting, activity detection, and localization (traking and location). It consolidates findings from a number of articles that have explored and enhanced the capabilities of PIR sensors in these interconnected domains. This review thoroughly examines the application of various techniques, machine learning algorithms, and configurations for PIR sensors in indoor building environments, emphasizing not only the data processing aspects but also their advantages, limitations, and efficacy in producing accurate occupancy information.These developments are crucial for improving building management systems in terms of energy efficiency, security, and user comfort, among other operational aspects.These developments are crucial for improving building management systems in terms of energy efficiency, security, and user comfort, among other operational aspects. The paper seeks to offer a thorough analysis of the present state and potential future advancements of PIR sensor technology in efficiently monitoring and understanding occupancy information by classifying and analyzing improvements in these domains.

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Section: Pir Sensors For People Countingmentioning

confidence: 99%

PIR Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Shokrollahi,

Persson,

Malekian

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Section: Pir Sensors For People Countingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The capacity to interpret this data using cutting-edge algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques enables smart buildings to “learn” and adapt to the preferences and behaviors of their occupants. This adaptability ensures that smart buildings’ environment is constantly ideal, improving user comfort, energy efficiency, and overall experience [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. AI integration also makes predictive maintenance easier, allowing for the early detection and resolution of possible problems to ensure the longevity and effectiveness of building systems [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Infrared Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Shokrollahi,

Persson,

Malekian

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Buildings are rapidly becoming more digitized, largely due to developments in the internet of things (IoT). This provides both opportunities and challenges. One of the central challenges in the process of digitizing buildings is the ability to monitor these buildings’ status effectively. This monitoring is essential for services that rely on information about the presence and activities of individuals within different areas of these buildings. Occupancy information (including people counting, occupancy detection, location tracking, and activity detection) plays a vital role in the management of smart buildings. In this article, we primarily focus on the use of passive infrared (PIR) sensors for gathering occupancy information. PIR sensors are among the most widely used sensors for this purpose due to their consideration of privacy concerns, cost-effectiveness, and low processing complexity compared to other sensors. Despite numerous literature reviews in the field of occupancy information, there is currently no literature review dedicated to occupancy information derived specifically from PIR sensors. Therefore, this review analyzes articles that specifically explore the application of PIR sensors for obtaining occupancy information. It provides a comprehensive literature review of PIR sensor technology from 2015 to 2023, focusing on applications in people counting, activity detection, and localization (tracking and location). It consolidates findings from articles that have explored and enhanced the capabilities of PIR sensors in these interconnected domains. This review thoroughly examines the application of various techniques, machine learning algorithms, and configurations for PIR sensors in indoor building environments, emphasizing not only the data processing aspects but also their advantages, limitations, and efficacy in producing accurate occupancy information. These developments are crucial for improving building management systems in terms of energy efficiency, security, and user comfort, among other operational aspects. The article seeks to offer a thorough analysis of the present state and potential future advancements of PIR sensor technology in efficiently monitoring and understanding occupancy information by classifying and analyzing improvements in these domains.

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“…Reducing GHG emissions and ensuring energy efficiency are essential. All new outlets and stores slated for refurbishment are now being equipped with the Smart Store system [15] that employs special sensors, control devices and software to integrate into the existing operating processes, helping to reduce energy consumption, automate equipment control (for refrigerators [16], refrigerated display cabinets, heating and air conditioning units, lighting and heating solutions for the selling space and utility rooms) and minimize the risk of accidents.…”

Section: Vegan Food Local Products At Restaurants and Storesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable development at commercial properties

Boriskina

2023

E3S Web Conf.

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The research is dedicated to sustainable development at commercial properties in Russia. A case study of shopping centers developers, supermarkets and DIY store practices have been conducted to estimate the role of retail developers at creating the comfortable urban environment. The survey points out that sustainable measures are widely used by developers, including water and energy efficiency, waste management, smart building technologies and even a green mall construction. Conscious behavior and healthy lifestyle are promoted, such social aspects as inclusivity, accessibility, charity and direct help are shared. Similar elements of sustainable development for different segments of retail are presented in the table, as well as specific examples are given. Motivation of real estate developers to attribute to creating comfortable urban environment is highlighted and certain effects are demonstrated.

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Review of artificial intelligence techniques in green/smart buildings

Cited by 11 publications

References 43 publications

PIR Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

PIR Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Passive Infrared Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Sustainable development at commercial properties

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