Review of arsenic speciation, toxicity and metabolism in microalgae

Ya, Wang; Wang, Shu; Xu, Pingping; Liu, Cong; Liu, Misha; Wang, Yulan; Wang, Changhai; Zhang, Chunhua; Ge, Ying

doi:10.1007/s11157-015-9371-9

Cited by 162 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 166 publications

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“…Therefore, phytochelatins might not represent the first barrier against the biotoxicity of these metalloid forms. The high levels of phosphorus detected inside cells in all treatments (see TEM-EDX spectra) also support the role of polyphosphate in metal resistance [27,52]. Moreover, in recent studies by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy in several species of marine microalgae, Cu resistance and bioaccumulation has been associated with poly-phosphate [85].…”

Section: Analysis Of Mechanisms Involved In Tolerancesupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Indirect evidence of free radical generation after arsenic exposure was substantiated by alterations in the functioning of the antioxidant enzymes and confirmed by proteomic analysis, where protein synthesis involved in ROS scavenging and defense were detected [68]. Moreover, the biosynthesis of phytochelatins and other thiol-rich compounds have been also detected to act as strong antioxidant molecules [27,59].…”

Section: Cytotoxicity and Ros Inductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…As a phosphate analog, arsenate competes with phosphate entering the cells via phosphate transporters. However, other arsenic transport pathways have been discovered as well [27,28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity, Physiological, and Ultrastructural Effects of Arsenic and Cadmium on the Extremophilic Microalga Chlamydomonas acidophila

Díaz

Francisco

Olsson³

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The cytotoxicity of cadmium (Cd), arsenate (As(V)), and arsenite (As(III)) on a strain of Chlamydomonas acidophila, isolated from the Rio Tinto, an acidic environment containing high metal(l)oid concentrations, was analyzed. We used a broad array of methods to produce complementary information: cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation measures, ultrastructural observations, transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (TEM-XEDS), and gene expression. This acidophilic microorganism was affected differently by the tested metal/metalloid: It showed high resistance to arsenic while Cd was the most toxic heavy metal, showing an LC 50 = 1.94 µM. Arsenite was almost four-fold more toxic (LC 50 = 10.91 mM) than arsenate (LC 50 = 41.63 mM). Assessment of ROS generation indicated that both arsenic oxidation states generate superoxide anions. Ultrastructural analysis of exposed cells revealed that stigma, chloroplast, nucleus, and mitochondria were the main toxicity targets. Intense vacuolization and accumulation of energy reserves (starch deposits and lipid droplets) were observed after treatments. Electron-dense intracellular nanoparticle-like formation appeared in two cellular locations: inside cytoplasmic vacuoles and entrapped into the capsule, around each cell. The chemical nature (Cd or As) of these intracellular deposits was confirmed by TEM-XEDS. Additionally, they also contained an unexpected high content in phosphorous, which might support an essential role of poly-phosphates in metal resistance. development of phytoplankton [5][6][7]. However, most of these studies are related to circumneutral pH water environments polluted by industrial and domestic wastes, in spite of the fact that pH has a considerable effect on the availability and, as a consequence, the toxicity of heavy metals [8].Indeed, many freshwater bodies worldwide are highly acidic (pH < 3), either due to natural causes or anthropogenic activities such as mining [9,10]. Acid drainages are due mainly to pyrite oxidation, producing significant acidity in lakes and ponds situated in areas impacted by mining, as well as in rivers receiving mine water discharge [11,12]. Additionally, extreme acidic environments tend to contain unusually high concentrations of heavy metals because their solubility increases markedly as the pH decreases [11]. Despite these extreme environmental conditions, a number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms living in these extreme environments have been identified [13]. Microalgae are the dominant eukaryotes found in these ecosystems, green microalgae such as Chlamydomonas, Dunaliella, and Chlorella being the main primary producers [13].Although acidophilic algae are able to grow at high heavy metal concentrations and low pH, both of which are lethal to most eukaryotes [14], the adaptive mechanisms by which these microorganisms can survive under such environmental conditions are still poorly understood. Proteomic analysis has pointed out the importance of metal and acidity toleranc...

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Section: Analysis Of Mechanisms Involved In Tolerancesupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Cytotoxicity and Ros Inductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Toxicity, Physiological, and Ultrastructural Effects of Arsenic and Cadmium on the Extremophilic Microalga Chlamydomonas acidophila

Díaz

Francisco

Olsson³

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…The second axis (PC2), explaining 12.2% of the total variation, had positive loading with chlorophyll a , pH, arsenic (As), and dissolved oxygen, and negative loading with ammonium and orthophosphate (Figure a). PC2 probably associates with the amount of phytoplankton because phytoplankton increase their biomass using N and P (Smith & Schindler, ), produce oxygen by photosynthesis, and are known to play an important role in As cycling that is related to the changes in nutrients such as P and N in the cells (Wang et al, ). The third axis (PC3), explaining 10.4% of the total variation, had positive loading with Cr and depth, and negative loading with nitrate (Figure b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of water pollution on the phylogenetic community structure of aquatic plants in the East Tiaoxi River, China

et al. 2019

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Water pollution is one of the most serious aquatic environmental problems worldwide. In China, recent agricultural and industrial development has resulted in rapid changes in aquatic ecosystems. Here, we reveal the effects of water pollution on the phylogenetic community structure of aquatic macrophytes in the Tiaoxi River, China. We placed a rectangular plot at 47 sites within the Tiaoxi River from the mouth of the river to 88.5 km upstream, in which we recorded species abundance and measured 22 physico‐chemical variables. Bayesian phylogeny using the rbcL and matK gene sequences was employed to quantify phylogenetic α‐ and β‐diversity, and test the phylogenetic signal in four growth forms: emergent, floating‐leaved, free‐floating, and submerged. Within communities, water contamination and phytoplankton abundance decreased species richness and phylogenetic diversity, which resulted in phylogenetic clustering; species within communities were more closely related to each other than expected. Between communities, differences in geographical distance and phytoplankton abundance resulted in phylogenetic dissimilarity among plots. Aquatic macrophytes showed phylogenetic signals in which related species responded more similarly to disturbance. Thus, the observed patterns could be explained by environmental filtering and suggested that water pollution by human activity has added more filters to the existing environmental filters that drive the species assembly of macrophyte communities.

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“…Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) is a common single-cell green microalga that tolerates a number of heavy metals and metalloids including arsenic (Jones et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2015). The mech-anisms for such tolerance may be via the reduction or oxidation of inorganic arsenic (Zouboulis and Katsoyiannis, 2005), methylation and demethylation (Stolz et al, 2006) and chelation to intracel-lular cysteine-rich polypeptides such as glutathione (GSH) and its homologues (hGSH) (where Gly is substituted by Ala, Ser, Glu and Gln or is absent) (Levy et al, 2005;Nacorda et al, 2007;Rehman and Shakoori, 2001;Suhendrayatna et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanisms of detoxification of As(III), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and As(V) in the microalga Chlorella vulgaris

et al. 2016

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The response of Chlorella vulgaris when challenged by As(III), As(V) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) was assessed through experiments on adsorption, efflux and speciation of arsenic (reduction, oxidation, methylation and chelation with glutathione/phytochelatin [GSH/PC]). Our study indicates that at high concentrations of phosphate (1.62 mM of HPO4 2− ), upon exposure to As(V), cells are able to shift towards methylation of As(V) rather than PC formation. Treatment with As(V) caused a moderate decrease in intracellular pH and a strong increase in the concentration of free thiols (GSH). Passive surface adsorption was found to be negligible for living cells exposed to DMA and As(V). However, adsorption of As(III) was observed to be an active process in C. vulgaris, because it did not show saturation at any of the exposure periods. Chelation of As(III) with GS/PC and to a lesser extent hGS/hPC is a major detoxification mechanism employed by C. vulgaris cells when exposed to As(III). The increase of bound As-GS/PC complexes was found to be strongly related to an increase in concentration of As(III) in media. C. vulgaris cells did not produce any As-GS/PC complex when exposed to As(V). This may indicate that a reduction step is needed for As(V) complexation with GSH/PC. C. vulgaris cells formed DMASV -GS upon exposure to DMA independent of the exposure period. As(III) triggers the formation of arsenic complexes with PC and homophytochelatins (hPC) and their compartmentalisation to vacuoles. A conceptual model was devised to explain the mechanisms involving ABCC1/2 transport. The potential of C. vulgaris to bio-remediate arsenic from water appeared to be highly selective and effective without the potential hazard of reducing As(V) to As(III), which is more toxic to humans.

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Review of arsenic speciation, toxicity and metabolism in microalgae

Cited by 162 publications

References 166 publications

Toxicity, Physiological, and Ultrastructural Effects of Arsenic and Cadmium on the Extremophilic Microalga Chlamydomonas acidophila

Toxicity, Physiological, and Ultrastructural Effects of Arsenic and Cadmium on the Extremophilic Microalga Chlamydomonas acidophila

The effects of water pollution on the phylogenetic community structure of aquatic plants in the East Tiaoxi River, China

The mechanisms of detoxification of As(III), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and As(V) in the microalga Chlorella vulgaris

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